•Iri^j j^'M'. !#iS^ %^ ^ ■ rf -i-- •^•'■-:"^'^- ■/.f^l:5^' > ■,/.■'/■- ■v. ■ ,- 1/ ^ U« > ' ^'i \^ ^ 1- Vt.>. * 1- f> . V r >.'■ >*« J . ^^ '■*? ■^#^f :fe^l^j^ X'.\'.''!0..' A 1/ . / 4 viliV ^ ^ \:3\* BETTER FRUIT Volume XI'S'^ JULY, 1919 6u«vo(iy. 3s (o3^ i ^ Number 1 •^z,. X CLUSTER OF MOORPARK APRICOTS GROWN IN A PACIFIC NORTHWEST ORCHARD BETTER FEUIT PUBLISHIXG COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada $1.25; Foreign, Inehiding- Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 20 Cents mnffimniii MCOMOOODODOOODOCiooooooooogo og goooooDODooDg^^ Better Fruit Gets Better Prices A Mathews Gravity Roller Conveyer will enable you to get your fruit to market in better condition and w^ith less trouble. The portable sections of steel ball bearing rollers can be quickly set up. They speed up loading in the orchard, and at the shipping point. Baskets and crates glide over the steel ball bearing rollers smoothly and save fruit from bruising. The Mathews System enables a few people to do more work, more quickly than a number of people working by hands. Its first cost is small and its upkeep trifling. Write to us for details. MATHEWS GRAVITY CARRIER COMPANY 133 Tenth Street, EUwood City, Penna. Branch Factories : Port Hope, Ontario — London, England cr3 CD CD ■CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD \CD |C3 CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD \CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD DODDQOOODOoaociQCiQQODDCiQQQQtiOQDODDODOODDQaannoDaaaaauaDDoaaaoaaaan WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page I The Old Reliable BELL & CO. lnc«rporat«d WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND. OREGON SULPHUR It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that If you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, Fleur de Soufre, packed in double sacks, are the fluffiest and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy: the best for vine- yards; the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphui^lmoalpabio Powder, 100% pure. In double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste— (Atomic Sulphur). ...„.,„ For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can furnish you this sulphur at such a low price that It would pay you to mix your own solution and net you a profit equal to the amount paid out for labor in spraying y9ur orchard, even if you pay your men $4 per day for making the solution and applying same. .,..,. .,. To create additional available plant food, drill Into the soil 100 to 400 pounds per awe DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR, 100% pure. This has Increased various crops up to SOO'^f. Also PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS, To- bacco Dust, Dry Bordeaux, Dusting Sulphur Mixtures, etc. And "Anchor" Brand Standard LIME-SULPHUR SO- LUTION 33° BE., Sulphur Paste, etc. Fungicides and Insecticides. Carried In stock and mixed to order. San Francisco Sulphur Co. 624 California St San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipments. Send for "ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET"; also booklet "NEW USES FOR SULPHUR," Price-list, and Samples. Please state for what purpose you use the sulphur, quantity needed, and date of shipment preferred. Tele- phona Kearney 871. -'/-. Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON THE SELF-OILING WINDMILL has become so popular in its first (our years that thousands have oeen called for to replace, on their old towers, other makes of mills, and to replace, at small cost, the gearing of the earlier Acrmotors, making them self-oil- ing. Its enclosed motor keeps in the oil and keeps out dust and rain. The Splash Oil- ing System constantly floods every bearing with oil, pre- venting wear and enabling the mill to pump in the Hghtest breeze. The oil supply is renewed once a year. Double Gears are used, each carrying half the load. We make Gasoline Engines, Pumps, Tanks, Water Supply Goods and Steel Frame Saws. Write AERMOTOR CO., 2500 Twelllh SL. Chicago UBRAI NEW YC BOIANK GARUli The CHEMIST says= genuine ^^ IS always uniform'' SAt every Giant Powder plant the chemical laboratory con- trols the processes of manufacture. They make continuous tests that insure the unvarying high quality of Giant Powders. Each pound of Giant Powder is exactly like every other pound of the same grade. Such uniformity means economy, efficiency, safety. Professional users of Giant Powders — miners, quarrymen, contractors — all know that the name "Giant" stands for utmost dependability in explosives. When you have land to clear, trees to plant, subsoil to be broken or* ditches to be blasted, tell your dealer to get for you one of the Giant Farm Powders — Eureka Stumping or Giant Stumping. Don't accept any ordinary dynamite, but insist on genuine Giant Powder, bearing the Giant trade mark on every box. AoostalvM bring you cur book. "Better Farming with Giant Farm Pow ders " Its 52 pages are full of short-cuts and labor-saving methods. THE GIANT POWDER CO., CON. . "Everything for Blasting" •^(y First National Bank Eldg., San Francisco Branch Oihces: Denver, Portland, Salt Lake City, beattle, Spokane STUMPING EUREKA Pittsburgh Perfect Cement COStted NflilS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, PitUburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT ]idy, ipip SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. Board of Trade Building, Boston. OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.^inc. Sole Manufactarers 63 Pearl Street Boston, Mass. PEARSON CONOMY DHESIVENESS ELIABILITY E A R S o NAILS In buying Is getting the best value for the money. not always In getting the lowest prices. PEAESON prices are right. or holding pow- er Is the reason for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. behind the goods la added value. Tou can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATTQTTAr'TinN' 's assured by our il.llOr/l.^XJ.V^i"'! long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. PTfiTNAT.TTY P'"" experience al- 'VlVIll^l.rt.J-ilX X ways excels Imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L f^^^^ LADD%| ^^ ' t«>>'i';^7^-'"' ' i:;!; 5ectio/^ A-A l I Plan for apple or potato storage cellar suitable for the fruit farm or for commercial purposes. The capacity of this cellar is approximately 5,000 bushels, or about 400 bushels to the bin. July, 19 iQ BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Fruit and vegetable storage cellar (extei'ior view). This illustration gives view of a storage cellar at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Its dimensions are 50 feel long by 10 feet 6 inches wide. It is built of concrete and the method of construction is the Van Guilder hollow-wall type. It has three ventilators of six-inch tile and cost $400 when completed. of the bins because of a false floor. This floor consists of 2 by 4 joists covered by 1 by 4-inch boards, with 1 inch space between. Joists are so placed that air can pass from one end of the cellar to the other. Openings in the floor allow the air to pass up through the bin, thus cooling contents. Bin walls are also built so that cold air can pass upward around the bins. If the air in this cellar becomes bad because of ripening fruit or because of excess moisture, ventila- tion can be secured by opening one of the manhole covers slightly. Usually, however, the ventilation obtained inci- dental to initial cooling of the cellar is sufficient to carry away all vitiated air. Even in the best of storage cellars the air is apt to become too dry at intervals, thus causing fruit to shrink and shrivel. This tendency should be carefully watched and, as soon as evident, the air in the cave should be moistened by sprinkling water on the floor. Cold, moist conditions are to be sought, but the first consideration should be a low, uniform temperature. A good location for a storage cellar is on a hillside. Such a location makes it possible to have entrance at grade. A north front is to be desired because such exposure avoids direct rays of sun when the cellar must be opened and also draws in cold air at night. Georgia Horticultural Meeting. Horticulturists throughout the coun- try are being invited by the Georgia State Horticultural Society to attend its annual meeting, which will be held this :'^^fi^? v. \ year at Cornelia, Georgia, on the 20th and 21st of August. Cornelia is a well- known Southern summer resort, and those who attend the meeting are prom- ised a pleasant and interesting occasion. Veteran Fruitman Visits United States After an absence of several years ow- ing to the war, Michael Simons, the vet- eran English fruitman, made a visit to the United States during the past month. Mr. Simons is a member of the firms of Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co., New York, Simons, Jacobs & Co. of Glasgow, Scotland, and Garcia, Jacobs & Co., London, and although seventy- seven years old, still takes a very active part in the fruit trade. Michael Simons, veteran fruitman of London, who recently visited United States and predicts prosperous season in export apple trade. In New York, where he visited the trade, he received a very warm wel- come after his long absence. It has been the custom of Mr. Simons when he visits America to come West and visit the Northwest fruit-producing districts, but this year, owing to other matters that took much of his time, he elimi- nated the Western trip. Mr. Simons while in New York re- ported that the pro.spects for the coming apple season in Great Britain are very encouraging. In speaking of the out- look for 1919 season abroad he said: "We expect a prosperous apple season this year in England and Scotland. By the time the apples are ready for export England should have acquired a con- siderable number of new ships, and I have no doubt that a liberal provision will be made for apples. What the freight rates will be, however, are un- certain at the present time." Concrete fruit storage cellar (interior view). This storage cellar, which is located on the grounds of the Great Northern Nursery Company, at Baraboo, Wisconsin, has a capacity of 5,000 barrels of fruit. Fruit men are becoming alive to the fact that the pear is a profitable fruit for Western Oregon, and heavier plant- ing is expected in the near future. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT July, igiQ Dry Lime and Sulphur as Compared to Liquid By A. L. Melander, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington DRY spraying materials are more ■will have more insoluble material than convenient to transport and keep a fresh lot. It is claimed that this in- than liquid or paste sprays, and hence soluble material sometimes obstructs as a matter of trade competition manu- strainers and nozzles. If the dry lime- facturers have been desirous of placing sulphur is boiled in water more or less such materials on the market. In the of the sulphur goes again into chemical case of the sulphur-made sprays, two solution. A recent analysis by the State dry forms are being made, one where Chemist of Washington showed in the sulphur is combined with soda and round numbers the following interest- sold under the trade names of Soluble ing facts: Sulphur Compound and Spraysulphur, in Cold in Boiling the other a true lime-sulphur manufac- insoluble ^7%' ^"1% tured by the Sherwin-Williams Com- Poiysuiphid sulphur 42% 59!o% „nf,v Thiosulphate and other r ., 1 J /. ,. , , combined sulphur 8% 5.0% In the early days of lime-sulphur Lime 25% 26.0% each fruit grower had to make his own Sugar 2% 2.0% spray, cooking it in diluted form be- The Sherwin - Williams Company cause with existing recipes a strong claims that the sugar stabiUzer en- lime-sulphur would crystalize. Then hances the value of its product when by modifying the formula it became sprayed on the trees. We know that a possible to prepare hme-sulphur in con- solution of dry lime-sulphur will not centrated form, and factories took to oxidize as rapidly as the standard making strong lime-sulphur solution for liquid lime-sulphur, but this may be shipment. Whenever the attempt was regarded as a theoretical disadvantage made to increase the concentration rather than an advantage, if the insecti- further or to cook to dryness the lime- cidal value of lime-sulphur is due to its sulphur changed chemically, taking up ability to absorb oxygen. Until this oxygen and throwing out sulphur, and point is proved it would be unwise to was so disintegrated as to be nearly be influenced by this argument, valueless. The Sherwin-Williams Com- The printed leaflets distributed by the pany, however, discovered a most in- Sherwin-Williams Company state that genious and practical method of pre- "a barrel of liquid lime-sulphur solu- paring lime-sulphur in dry form. A tion weighs approximately 600 pounds, small amount of sugar added to a highly and 80 to 100 pounds of Sherwin- concentrated lime-sulphur solution was Williams dry lime-sulijhur will accom- discovered to retard the chemical disin- plish the same results." This statement tegration, so that the liquid could then is obviously fallacious, but is made in be evaporated in vacuo and marketed order that a 100-pound drum of the dry in powder form. material can compete in selling price When lime, sulphur and water are with the barrel of liquid. A barrel of boiled together a series of progressive standard lime-sulphur concentrate con- chemical reactions take place, whereby tains approximately 135 pounds of sul- the original ingredients are changed, phur and 65 pounds of lime in solution principally into calcium sulphids, cal- in 320 pounds of water. All 200 pounds cium polysulphids, calcium thiosul- of the ingredients are soluble and there phate, calcium sulphite and calcium is the maximum amount of poiysuiphid sulphate. When the lime is in chemical sulphur immediately available. In the excess (i e., more than half as much drum of dry lime-sulphur there are lime as sulphur), the relative amount of about 65 pounds of actual sulphur and thiosulphate is increased. WTien the 26 pounds of lime, but of the 100 total sulphur is in chemical excess (i e., more pounds about 20 pounds consist of sugar than twice as much sulphur as lime), or material insoluble in cold water, the relative amount of poiysuiphid is Unless there is evidence to the contrary increased. The best grades of lime- a pound of calcium poiysuiphid should sulphur have the largest amount of poly- be regarded as a pound, whether sold in sulphid present, amounting to about 90 dry form or dissolved in water, per cent. When lime-sulphur is applied On the basis of actual sulphur con- as a spray it takes on oxygen; the poly- tent it would take two drums of dry sulphid is converted into thiosulphate, lime-sulphur to be equivalent to a bar- the thiosulphate into sulphite and rel of concentrated liquid, unless the finally the sulphite into sulphate. It is material is boiled into solution two and this chemical change that is supposed one-half drums would be a closer equiv- to give to lime-sulphur its value as an alent. On the basis of similar strengths insecticide, for the taking up of oxygen of spray solution, therefore, the cost of is a sort of chemical suffocation. Ob- dry lime-sulphur at present prices is too viously, then, the polysulhpid is the great to offset the possible advantages most valuable ingredient, for it can take of the dry over the liquid, on more oxygen than the other chem- During' 1917 and 1918 the Washing- icals further along in the series. ton Experiment Station carried on some \^^len Sherwin-Williams dry lime- comparative spraying tests on the San sulphur is dissolved in cold water a Jose scale, in which the dry lime-sul- certain amount always remains as sedi- phur was used. These tests indicate ment. This sediment consists of sul- that the Sherwin-Williams product has phur and more or less chalk, possibly merit, comparing well with the equiv- of value against mildew, but of no alent strengths of the standard liquid worth against scale or aphis. An old form. The fact that the Sherwin- sample, or one that has been opened, Williams Company can adduce testi- monials showing beneficial effects from a weak spray can be paralleled with almost any insecticide. We have re- peatedly noticed surprising results from extremely weak solutions, but no one feels ready seriously to recommend ultra-weak sprays for general practice. The fruit grower who depends upon using ten pounds of dry lime-sulphur to fifty gallons is taking a big risk. The weakest lime-sulphur that can be gen- erally recommended for winter spray- ing tests three degrees, by the Baume hydrometer, and contains about ten pounds of sulphur and five pounds of lime in each fifty gallons. This is equivalent to a dilution of three and one-half gallons of factory-made con- centrate in fifty gallons. To produce a similar strength nearly twenty pounds of dry lime-sulphur would be ordinarily required unless the material were boiled into solution, in which case a trifle over fifteen pounds would suffice. Weighing the pros and cons in com- paring liquid and dry lime-sulphur the advantages of the dry form consists in convenience in transportation and avoidance of worries about freezing and leakage. The disadvantages in- clude expense, possibility of deteriora- tion, difliculty of solution and waste of valuable sulphur unless the powder is boiled into solution. Fruit Growers' Convention The Fifty-first Fruit Growers' and Farmers' Convention, recently held at Riverside, California, was one of the largest representative gatherings of fruit and vegetable growers, horticul- tural experts and horticultural inspec- tion officials ever held in the West. The convention meetings were held in the cloister and gymnasium of the Mission Inn. Programs were carried out by the Fifty-first Fruit Growers' and Farmers' Convention, Interstate Plant Quarantine Conference, California County Horticultural Commission, Con- vention of California Association of Nurserymen, State Vegetable Growers' Conference and Pacific Coast Economic Entomologists. In addition to the dele- gates who were present from the West- ern states, Hawaii, New Zealand, Lower California and British Columbia were represented. The discussions were of great impor- tance to fruit growers and farmers in the Pacific Northwest. Among the sub- jects that were taken up were: Market- ing methods of fruit and vegetable pro- duction; quarantine and methods of control of horticultural and agricul- tural pests, including boll worm of cot- ton, cotton boll weevil, alfalfa weevil, citrus canker and other horticultural pests. One of the results of the conference was the organization of the Association of Western Quarantine Ofiicers, which was formed to further unify and protect the Western states against crop pest in- vasion. Discussions of uniform grades, packs and packages for horticultural, agricultural and livestock products was one of the most important subjects considered. July, 19 19 BETTER FRUIT Page II Big Shortage Indicated in 1919 Apple Crop THE Bureau of Crop Estimates, which recently issued its first 1919 apple- crop report, secured through its fruit- crop specialists based on the conditions June 1, states that indications are that the apple output in the United States will be considerably less than last year. The report says only the condition fig- ures are given, as conditions are so changeable at this time that any quan- tity estimates is certain to be very tem- porary. The salient features of the re- port are the prospect of a record crop in the Western States, and a crop for Western New York which will prob- ably not exceed much more than one- half of last year's crop. The indications from Virginia, West Virginia and the heavy production centers in the Middle Atlantic States promise only slightly better than one-half a full crop. Much of the Middle Western crop was se- verely damaged by frost and conditions throughout the Ohio Valley particularly are very low. Arkansas and Southwest Missouri indicate about three-fourths of a crop, while the same may be said of New Jersey and Delaware. All indica- tions in New England point to a much better crop than last year, while Michi- gan will have less than two-thirds of a crop. The condition of the crop for the United States June 1 was indicated at 61.4 per cent as compared with 68.6 per cent as an average ten-year condition on June 1, and a condition of 69.8 per cent June 1 last year. The final condi- tion figure last year was 55.9 per cent. It should be remembered that the con- dition figure on June 1 will usually average around 15 points higher than at the end of the season. The Northwest boxed - apple crop promises to be the largest ever pro- duced, according to conditions the first week in June. Production for Wash- ington, Oregon and Idaho is estimated at about 27,500 cars of 756 boxes each as compared with about 20,000 cars in 1918 and 25,000 cars in 1917. \VASHINGTON.— Approximately 20,500 cars are forecasted for Washington this year as compared with ahove 17,000 cars last year. Winesaps, which were exceedingly heavy last year, are reported light in places, although all varieties seem well set, and particularly Jon- athan, which were light last year. A heavy June drop is reported in progress in the Yaki- ma Valley. Up until this time crop prospects were excellent, and it now seems that the entire Yakima Valley, including Y'akima and Benton Counties, may ship approximately 9,000 cars, or about 1,500 cars more than last year. With the exception of limited sections affected by frost the Wenatchee North Central Washington district promises an excellent crop, and there are prospects at this time for about 9,000 cars of 756 boxes as compared with 8,300 cars last year. The Walla Walla district, which last year shipped only 130 cars, has prospects for nearly 1,000 cars in 1919, of which half will be Rome Beauties. Reports from Spokane em- phasize the frost damage and June drop, and the crop now promises to be between 600 and 800 cars. Taking Washington state as a whole. it seems this state may ship its largest apple crop. OREGON.— The Hood River district will ship from 2,000,000 to 2,250,000 boxes of apples, according to present prospects, as compared with about 1,350,000 boxes last year. Hood River promises by far its largest crop. Other districts in Oregon are equally promising and promise bumper crops. The Rogue River is now estimated at 755 cars, the Mosier and Dufur section at 300 cars, and the Milton- Freewater section at 500 cars, as compared to 250 last year. The state as a whole has prospects for nearly twice as many apples as in 1918. IDAHO. — Definite estimates are diilicult for this state on account of June drop. Various reports give state at from 75 to 100 per cent of the record 3,500-car of 1917. The Lewiston district will have better than 400 cars. COLORADO. — A heavy freeze reduced pros- pects in Delta and Montrose Counties on June 1. The Grande Valley escaped, however, and now has prospects for approximately 2,000 cars, or double the 1918 crop. Delta County is estimated at 600 cars, Montrose at 50 cars and Canyon City at 600 cars. The state as a whole may ship 40 per cent more apples than in 1918. UTAH. — Prospects throughout the state are generally good, showing a 10 per cent increase over last year. The state as a whole will ship approximately 800 cars; Weber and Davis Counties 200 cars each and the Prove district 250 cars. MONTANA. — Montana is now estimated at 450 cars from the Bitter Root Valley. CALIFORNIA. — The Watsonville district, which shipped nearly 2,500,000 boxes in 1918, has prospects for a 10 per cent heavier crop than last year. Newtowns, the principal vari- ety, are about the same as last year, while Belleflowers are considerably heavier. The Sebastopol section is now estimated at about 750 cars, of which approximately 500 cars will be Gravensteins. It is too early to forecast dried-apple production, although the Watson- ville district is now forecasted at about 5,000 tons of dried apples and Sebastopol at from 3,500 to 4,000 tons, which is almost equal to the very heavy production of 1918. CANADA, — Reports from Canada promise a T. MU."^.. a' ^K l^^"' v<- ■*.'> ' 'v. ^'■? I 'f w English walnut orchard near Dundee, Oregon. Seven-year-old tree in the foreground. Walnut growing is proving remarkably successful in this section of Oregon, which includes Salem and a large surrounding territory. It is now estimated that there arc 8,000 acres set to English walnuts in Oregon. Page 12 BETTER FRUIT July, igig bumper crop from Nova Scotia, which last year had a fair crop, or about 800,000 barrels. Quebec and Ontario are spotted and indicate rather light crops. The Okanogan Valley in British Columbia indicates a 50 per cent in- crease in the apple crop over last year. American Tractors to Farm the World More than 31-1,000 motor tractors for farm use will be manufactured in the United States this year, according to the estimate of the Agricultural Depart- ment. Ninety thousand of these tractors, representing about one hundred million dollars, will be sent abroad to foreign countries and will be used to increase the crop production of nearly every country in the world. Working with a tractor one man can do more work than six men, thirty horses, or a hundred oxen, under the old-fashioned methods formerly in vogue. This will make up, in a large way, in Europe, for the shortage of men caused by the war. The power of all tractors is derived from internal combustion engines. The fuel used is generally kerosene, though some use gasoline. Practically all have magneto ignition, because of its intense spark, simplicity, and absolute relia- bility. It would be impossible, in for- eign lands, to use any other form of ignition. The sturdiness of the magneto enables it to withstand rough usage, and, being a self-contained generator of electrical energy which requires no attention or replenishing, it has made the use of American tractors possible everywhere. Altogether, there will be about half a million American built farm tractors at work in 1920, where there were practi- cally none five years ago. The United States leads the world in this line of manufacture. Walnut Growers Issue Report The first annual report of the West- ern Walnut Association, which was re- cently issued, contains much valuable information on nut growing and mar- keting and shows that the organization. WANTED! A high class manager for fruit farm. Good salary. Apply W. E. Schmick, Hamburg, Pennsylvania. Single Man, Good Habits Nine years experience in orchard work in the Northwest desires connection with orchard ranch where intelligent service would be appre- ciated. Can get on the job by September 1st. A. F. PAGE General Delivery Milwaukee, Wisconsin POND "Prop-Hooks" and Screw-Eyes. The best sys- tem yet devised for scientifically and economic- ally supporting loaded fruit trees. Free illus- trated circulars. RUSSELL G. POND. Park- dale (Hood River), Oregon. which covers the field both in Oregon and Washington, is in a healthy condi- tion. The object of the Western Wal- nut Association is educational and to promote a greater development of the walnut and filbert industries of the Pa- cific Northwest. The association holds an annual winter meeting, at which time a program is given and officers are elected. An annual summer tour in which several days are spent in making observations and gathering information in the nut orchards of Washington and Oregon is also made. Membership in the organization is open to the public and the dues are one dollar per year. The officers of the association are: J. E. Cooper of McMinnville, Oregon, president; Prof. C. I. Lewis of Corvallis, Oregon, vice-president for Oregon; A. A. Quarnberg, Vancouver, Washington, vice-president for Washington; Knight Pearcy, Salem, Oregon, secretary-treas- urer. The executive committee consists of Dr. J. H. Wilkins, McMinnville; Roht. C. Paulus, Salem; Clyde LaFollette, Amity. Nut growers who are not mem- bers of the association and desire to join are requested to communicate with the secretary of the organization. Big Increase in Peach Crop The Bureau of Crop Estimates has issued its second quantitive forecast of the strictly commercial peach produc- tion for the United States based upon the condition of the crop June 1. The condition of the peach crop, according to this report, has undergone consider- able change since May 1, notably in the Eastern and Northern States, where the crop will not reach earlier expectations. The most salient feature of the report is the very large crop in the far West, which promises to exceed that of for- mer years. There is now indicated in the United States a total crop of 30,820,000 bushels as compared with 20,578,000 bushels last year, or 50 per cent increase over the comparatively light crop of 1918. The crop west of the Rockies promises 46,550 cars as compared with 33,905 cars last year. The Southern crop, in- cluding Missouri, Arkansas and Okla- homa peaches, promises 15,230 cars as compared with 11,715 cars last year. This increase is due to the large crop in Arkansas and surrounding territory. The crop from the Middle Atlantic States promises 6,725 cars as compared with 4,204 cars last year, while that for the Northern States promises 7,780 cars as compared with 1,685 cars last year. Virginia Improving Apple Output ^Vhile Virginia is a long way from the Pacific Northwest, it is interesting for Northwest apple growers to know that a good crop is expected in this Southern state, which more nearly competes with the Western boxed apple than any of the other Eastern states. Packing apples in boxes is now quite prevalent in several of the apple-grow- ing sections in Virginia, although the larger part of the crop is still being shipped out in barrels. The Virginia crop this year is expected to exceed that of 1918 by many thousands of bar- rels. This increase in the 1919 yield is said to be largely due to a course of education which has been put into effect by men who were formerly en- gaged in the apple business in the Northwest and who have interested the growers in Virginia in spraying apple and other fruit trees. Fruit Brings in $150,000,000. The income from Northwest fruits is growing by leaps and bounds. Figures recently compiled for the State of Washington show that last year over $100,000,000 was received by the above- named state for its fruit crop, and that the total figures for Oregon were over $50,000,000. Of this amount the big increase in the returns in Oregon were due to the immense development taking place in the growing of berries, prunes and other small fruits, and the expan- sion of the dehydrating, drying, canning and preserving plants. In the Salem district alone the returns from its fruit industry were more than doubled last year. The bank clearances at Salem in 1919 increased from something like a little over $3,000,000 to over $6,000,000, the greater part of the increase being from returns on fruit. Cooking and Canning IS A REAL PLEASURE Note the picture. You cook everything at once, over one fire. Everything cooked per- fectly under steam pressure— no burning, no mixing of flavors, no shrinkage of the food. With it you can everything by the cold pack method— fruit, vegetables, meats, etc. Thous- ands are using Conservo and say it's worth its weight in gold. Conserve Cooker No. 20— Conservo, 21'/9 inches high, IH4 inches square; 4 removable shelves; 2 pans; cooks for 3 to 15 persons; holds 14 one-quart jars for can- ning. No. 9 — Conservo is 13^^ inches high; 2 shelves; 1 pan; cooks for 2 or 3 persons; holds 6 one-quart jars for canning. Works on any stove—wood, coal or gas Write for Free Book and Information "Conservo" is a time and money saver. It is a blessing to the housekeeper. Every home should have one. It will pay for itself in a few months' time by the saving in food and fuel. Foods cooked in it are delicious— they retain all their flavor and natural juices. Canning is done perfectly and with least possible effort. Write today for booklet and information. OUTWEST SUPPLY CO. PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT hdy, 1919 B ETTE R FRU IT Advises Increased Apple Tree Plantings Page 13 IN an article recently issued by the Bureau of Information of the United States Department of Agriculture it is advised that increased plantings of apple trees be made to take care of an in- creased demand which it says is coming and will continue. Commercial apple growers in the United States must meet any such increased demand without in- creased acreage, and little can be done toward immediately increasing the sup- ply when an unusual demand appears. Must Increase Plantings Taking the United States as a whole, there has been very little planting of apple trees since 1910. Comparatively few young trees, therefore, are coming into bearing at this time. This is shown by an investigation of the commercial apple industry recently made by the United States Department of Agricul- ture. Indeed, the largest single com- mercial apple-producing section in the United States has reached its maximum production, and unless the planting rate increases a decline is to be expected. The region is Western New York, which early in the sixties became and has since remained the center of com- mercial apple production in the United States. Western New York has pro- duced regularly about one-fourth of the normal commercial apple crop of the country. But most of the present bear- ing trees were planted in the late sixties and early seventies and are now nearly fifty years old. Vigor and productivity continue longer in Western New York than anywhere else in the country, per- haps, yet they cannot be maintained in- definitely, and the center of production may be expected to shift. Similar de- clines are taking place in what is known as the New England Baldwin belt, including portions of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Massachusetts, but as this has never represented more than five per cent of the total commer- cial production it is of relatively less importance. Other Production Centers. In latter years two comparatively new commercial apple regions have come into large production — the Pacific Northwest and the Shenandoah-Cum- berland region of Virginia, West Vir- ginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. The former is producing now almost as many commercial apples as New York, and the latter is producing about half as many. Roughly speaking. New York, the Pacific Northwest and the Shenan- doafi-Cumberland produce about five- eighths of all the commercial apples grown in the United States. The Shenandoah-Cumberland region is yet only approaching its maximum produc- tion. In the Northwest there was con- siderable planting of unsuitable lands, but Western production is being sta- bilized and will continue to be an in- creasingly important factor in the apple industry. Other regions of considerable com- mercial apple production now are the Piedmont district of Virginia, the Hud- son Valley, Southern Ohio, Western Michigan, Southern and Western Illi- nois, the Ozark Mountain region of Arkansas and Missouri, the Missouri River region of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska, the Arkansas Valley re- gion, California and Colorado. Strong and Tight Makeshift boxes indicate a makeship product. First impressions always are the most lasting. A strong, tight box impresses the buyer first. He wants your product to arrive in good condition. Bloedel Donovan Boxes Are expertly sawed and built to fit— strong and tight. We deliver promptly BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building, Seattle, Wash. BEST SERVICE- QUALITY a PRICE. PERFECTION IN FRUIT LLABELS/ ^T. ■ r^^ PORTLAND. ORCQOl E.Shelley Mo^r. A V ' NORTHWESTERN M/ ■ yVE CARR~7^AN0 CAN SHIP tN 24 HOURS-STOCK lABELS FOR P£ARS,| ^PLES.CHERRlESA§TR^I!^fii»J^§^.| The Furry Fruit and Produce Co., organized a short time ago, is building a $5,000 warehouse at Yakima. The members of the new company are C. M. Furry, former manager of the Growers' Service Company, and W. D. McNair. Garden Cutworms Cutworms are among tlie most troub- lesome insects with which the gardener has to deal. They are familiar to most persons, and anyone engaged in garden- ing for any length of time has to con- tend with these pests, as they are what are termed "general feeders," attacking plants of almost every description. Tomatoes, cabbages, sweet potatoes, lettuce and other truck plants, espe- cially those which are started under glass and transplanted, are subject to more or less serious injury by cut- worms. These pests appear sometimes in great numbers in the spring and early summer, and frequently do severe Injury before they are noticed. Cutworms are not at all difficult to control, and there are several methods by which this may be accomplished. The best, however, is the poisoned bait or poisoned bran mash. The following formula is for use in a small garden: White arsenic, quarter pound; syrup or molasses, one pint; water, four to six quarts; dry bran, one peck. Thoroughly mix the arsenic in a peck of dry bran. Stir into four to six quarts of water a pint of cheap syrup or molasses. After this has been made up into a mash let it stand for several WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT July, 19IQ W"^^ SAN PRANCISCO P O ILT LAND SEATTLE LOS ANGELE9 HONOLULU F R.E S N O hours to allow the bran to take up the arsenic- Other powdered arsenicals, such as arsenate of lead, may bo substituted if double the amount is employed. Dry paris green may be used at the same rate as the arsenic. Arsenic is prefer- able, however, because cheaper. Scatter the mash thinly along the rows or about the bases of the plants to be protected as soon as the cutworms appear. It is better to make the appli- cation well toward evening, or at dusk, since the cutworms feed only at night or on dull, cloudy days, and the bait is more attractive when fresh. If the cutworms should reappear, repeat two or three times at short intervals. Experimenting with Ladybugs THREE hundred pounds of ladybugs stored at Walla Walla, Washington, during the winter and spring were lib- erated throughout the fruit-growing districts in that section up to June 5 to rid orchards there of aphids. It is esti- mated that these little beetles will com- pletely cover 2,000 acres of orchards and grain fields in that section and de- stroy the aphids. In liberating the ladybugs they were taken to the west side of the orchards owing to their well-known habit of traveling eastward, and an observation kept on them showed that they had deposited eggs three days after being turned loose. The eggs hatch out in six to twenty days after being laid, depend- ing on the weather conditions. When the larvae appears they are said to be even more rapacious enemies of the aphids than the full-grown bugs. District Horticultural Agent E. C. Wood, who has been conducting the experiments in using ladybugs to prey on aphids, has secured some interesting data concerning them. Investigations made in the mountains this spring satisfy him that the ladybugs can be secured there in the spring for a period of about ten days during the month of April. In the fall, he says, they can be gathered for a much longer period, as they begin to colonize in July and re- main in colonies during the winter. "There are two very important rea- sons for gathering these beetles rather than letting them come to the valley by themselves," said Mr. Wood. "When the beetles are gathered we are able to place them where they are most needed, and again they can be set to work sev- eral weeks earlier than when left to themselves. "This beetle is strictly carniverous and does not feed on any vegetation so there is little danger of it becoming a pest, no matter how rapid the multi- plication." Plans already are being made by lo- cal orchardists for a ladybug hunt this fall and it is expected that many hun- dreds of pounds of the insects will be stored next fall. Experiments in keeping the ladybugs in storage last winter demonstrated that those kept in ordinary storage showed a loss of about one-third, while those kept in cold storage .showed prac- tically no loss at all. Tour of Nut Growers Arranged A tentative schedule has been ar- ranged for the annual summer tour of the Western Walnut Association through Oregon and Washington walnut and filbert orchards. The tour as now ar- ranged will start at McMinnville August 5 at 1 p.m. The first afternoon will be spent in Sheridan orchards, where among other places that will be visited will be that of Professor C. I. Lewis. The morning of August 6 the party will leave McMinnville for Portland, going through Washington County, where the groves of Thomas Withycombe and Mr. Malpas at Gaston will be visited and the Forbis place at Dilley. A number of other stops will be made, including one at Orenco to visit the nursery of the Oregon Nursery Company. The party expects to arrive during the afternoon at Vancouver, Washing- ton, where an inspection will be made of the Quarnberg, Norelius and Shaw orchards. Returning to Portland the party will leave that city at 8 a.m. on August 7 for Oregon City, where plant- ings will be visited, and continuing south stops will be made at places near Aurora, Canby and Woodburn. At Canby the Dr. Walgamot nursery will be a point of interest. From Woodburn the trip will be routed to Wilsonville, where stops will be made at the orchards of John DeNeui, H. A. Krause and Dr. Jobse. From this point the route is undetermined and will be de- cided upon when the party reaches Wilsonville. The public is invited to join the walnut men in the tour. Those who decide to do so must provide for their transportation. If they have no car they are advised to arrange with si member of the party who has an extrS seat in his car. The summer tour of the walnut grow- ers last year proved to be highly educa- tional to those who made it, the im- promptu discussion that took place iti the orchards bringing out many inter-s esting points about nut growing. The Australian deciduous fruit pro- ducers are fast adopting American methods. Their crops do not conflict very extensively with ours, however) and better methods in Australia mean better prices for both. .-»., , July, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Cletrac TANK -TYPE TRACTOR The logical Tractor lor the Orchardist and Fruit Grower The Cletrac Tank Type Tractor was built for general all around utility on the farm. It was not built alone for orchard work— but if its designers had been trying to construct the best possible orchard tractor they could not have been more successful. The Cletrac goes under the low branches — it cultivates up close to the trees on side hills or level ground. It pulls the spray machine— in fact it does every- thing the orchardist could expect of a tractor and does it well. The Cletrac tank-type tractor is versa- tile and extremely rugged. It is small enough to be used economi- cally on light jobs, yet powerful enough to handle the majority of the so-called heavy work about the farm. It plows, harrows, plants, reaps, binds, threshes, hauls, cuts ensilage, fills silos, saws wood and does practically all the work done by animal and stationary engine power. It is the logical successor to the horse and mule. It is more efficient and does not only more but better and cheaper work. The tank -type construction of the Cle- trac enables it to operate over soft ground where other machines would wallow and "dig themselves in" — an invaluable asset in the preparation of the seed bed. It will go practically anywhere — and does not pack down the soil. Orders are being filled in the sequence in which they are received. Place your order now— in time for fall work. Write for catalog and name of nearest Cletrac dealer. tH^ Cleveland Tractor G>. 19145 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio Largest producers of tank-type tractors in the world WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Orcgonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON Organizing the Fruit Industry The movement for the co-operative organization of the producer is en- circling the globe. We are told that co- operation among the tillcr.s of the soil in European countries is not new, but is an old story. And now the movement is being taken up in the deciduous fruit- production sections of South Africa, Australia and Tasmania. The fruit growers of Australia are the latest ad- vocates of a co-operative association which will embrace all phases of the industry in this new group in the fruit- growing world. The activities of this association will embrace everything from fresh fruit to jellies and jams, which are to be put up in a big central canning and preserving factory to be erected at Melbourne. Other deciduous fruit-growing countries in that part of the world are following suit. The cry for co-operation for the pro- ducer from Australia to Oregon and then across the American continent to Europe is a far one, but it is being heard and the fruit growers of the world are apparently determined to standardize and stabilize their products. It seems strange that the comparatively new deciduous fruit-producing coun- tries of Australia, Tasmania and South Africa realized the benefits of co-opera- tion on a big scale before an old estab- lished fruit-producing section like Ore- gon, but such is the case, as the move- ment toward organization was com- menced in the above mentioned far- away countries a long time ago. However, the fruit growers of Oregon have been awakened. It took a severe jolt to get them out of the rut, but the jar has fully opened their eyes. The rich possibilities for the big, rapidly- growing fruit industry of their state, fostered and completely controlled by a state-wide co-operative organization entirely in the hands of the growers, has at last sunk in. Perhaps the de- layed action of Oregon's fruit producers was due to the lack of proper educa- tion and the psychological moment to merge, however, as the amalgamation at the meeting held for the latter pur- pose was apparently complete. As planned the proposed Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association bids fair to be a success. Organized along even more progressive lines than the rnost successful co-operative associa- tions of California, its provisions ap- parently leave nothing to be desired by the grower in the way of a marketing organization and also an organization that should place the former uncertain conditions of the fruit industry on a firm basis. In a word, to make fruit products as nearly as possible a staple rather than a perishable product, by providing a market for them, either BETTER FRUIT fresh, dried or canned, at the highest market price while not attempting to gouge the consumer. Under the pro- visions of the organization plan, profits that have heretofore gone to outside concerns should be conserved to the grower, overhead expenses should be minimized and the industry greatly stimulated and developed, provided that the affairs of the proposed organiza- tion are administered intelligently and honestly. It has been suggested that the pro- posed organizatioh had its inception through channels in California that seek to control the fruit industry in Oregon in order that it will not coiiflict with the industry in that state. It would seem, however, that Mr. Robert C. Paulus, who has made such a signal success in managing the affairs of the Salem Fruit Union, and is virtually at the head of the new movement as well as the strong personnel of the organi- zation committee should be sullicient assurance that no such underground methods are contemplated. Provision should be made for co-operation with the California associations when deemed expedient, but anything verging on pos- sible control of the Oregon organi- zation should be carefully guarded against. \ July, igip The Stopping- in-Transit Privilege The recommendation of the Western Traffic Railroads Committee that the privilege of unloading Northwest fruits in transit be revoked would be a severe blow to the Western fruit grower. If this order is put into effect many sales of fruit which went to points in the Middle West will be stopped owing to the fact that they are unable to pur- chase in carload lots. It is also expected that the order will do away with the privilege of stopping fruit in transit for the purpose of placing it in storage. The reason assigned by the Traffic Com- mittee for this action is that the priv- ilege is discriminatory in that it only affects the Northwest territory. Fruit-shipping concerns in the North- west have taken up the matter and are urging that all interested present a strong protest to the railroads against approving the recommendation of the Traffic Committee. There is just ground for opposing this recommendation; for while the order may be discriminatory in that it only affects the Northwest it should be re- membered that no other deciduous fruit section has such a long haul to its mar- kets and none pays so high a freight rate. The disadvantage, through this high freight rate, that Northwest de- ciduous fruits are under in competing with the fruit-growing sections of the East are already great enough, without a further handicap. The railroads which are the greatest beneficiaries of the Pacific Northwest fruit industry should use every means to develop instead of retard it, and this is a case where they can help very materially. Editorial Comment Fruit growers will be intefested in supporting the proposed establishing of motor-car express routes, a matter which is now before Congress. Nobody will be more benefitted by this rapid method of transportation in districts not reached by the railroads than the fruit raiser. Congress is being asked by 3,000,000 farmers in the United States for the continuance of the United States Em- ployment Service. The fruit grower should join hands with the farmer in this movement, as his need of labor is even more imperative. The war between the ladybugs and aphids in Walla Walla County, Wash- ington, will be watched with interest. From present indications the ladybug drive seems to be making great pro- gress. Perhaps it will be wise, how- ever, to await the final report from the front. The fine results obtained in Washing- ton orchards through early fall spray- ing for apple anthracnose should en- courage orchardists who have trees affected with this disease to apply the remedy which is given in this number of Better Fruit. It means saving your trees and higher quality fruit. Fruit storage houses and a thorough knowledge of them is a timely topic. The proper kind of a storage house may save your crop. It also makes it pos- sible for you to market your fruit at the most opportune time. The time to build a storage house is well in advance of the harvest. California leads the world in the apriot industry. In fact in the amount of tonnage produced from the area planted the Golden State exceeds any other spot on the globe. One of the big factors in this achievement is intelli- gent co-operation. It is predicted that the time is fast approaching when American tractors will farm the world. They are farming a big slice of it now. Many orchardists are discovering that these machines are 100 per cent efficient. The iron horse has come to stay. If grasshoppers become as much of a pest in the Northwest as they have in California the orchardist will be com- pelled to fight them. The United States Agricultural Department advises the use of poisoned bait. The formula is given in this number. Experiments to improve huckleber- ries sounds good. There is no reason why the lowly huckleberry should not climb up into the aristocratic society of the cultivated bush berries. The huckle- berry is the ne plus ultra of pie berries. Work for our returned soldiers is a live issue. It would seem, however, that in view of the necessity of employ- ing women in orchard work that the soldier who wants work could help himself a little. July, ipip f BETTER FRUIT Experimenting to Improve Huckleberries FOR several years past Mr. F. V. Co- ville, of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, and Miss Elizabeth C. White, of New Lisbon, New Jersey, have been cultivating blueberries, also generally known as huckleberries, and have been working to produce new and better varieties. To get new varieties they find the very best wild bushes and then cross-breed these wild plants. The seeds resulting from the cross-breeding grow into all sorts of new varieties, just as seedling apples are seldom like the tree they came from. Many of these new varieties of blueberries are poorer than their parents, but about one in a thousand turns out to be much better than either parent and makes a promising new variety. About ten years ago the Department of Agriculture published Mr. Coville's first work on blueberry culture. His most surprising discovery was that blueberries cannot live in a well- balanced fertile soil. They require a sour or acid soil and are actually killed by the application of fertilizer, which would be the best possible food for the ordinary plants. Some years ago a wild blueberry plant was found in Mas- sachusetts with berries more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, but it was killed by people who did not understand its proper care by being fertilized. Since 1911 Miss "White has been asso- ciated with Mr. Coville in these investi- gations, he in the government green- houses at Washington working out the scientific problems and originating new varieties by cross-breeding, and she at New Lisbon, New Jersey, raising these new varieties and the best wild plants that could be found. Mr. Coville and Miss White are now trying to find a number of wild plants to use for this work. They already have a few plants that have berries three-quarters of an inch through, and hope to produce hybrid berries an inch in diameter. They want more unusually fine wild plants, and will pay fifty dollars for especially fine plants with very large berries. But it is not only the size of the berry that counts, and they are willing to pay smaller prices for plants that have many berries of slightly smaller size if these berries are of unusually fine flavor. Some bushes bear much more heavily than others. On some bushes the berries stick so tight that when they are picked a piece of the stem pulls off with the berries, or the NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "CmuinaMS* and Quality" berry is torn and the juice leaks out. On other plants the berries come off the stems just right. Berries from some bushes spoil soon after they are picked, while others will keep for a week. Some berries are black and others of a beautiful light blue color. There are doubtless thousands of bushes in the country with berries three-quarters of an inch or more in diameter, and many other bushes with berries just a little smaller but of unusually fine quality, but it is only by having people on the Page 17 watch for them that these fine bushes can be discovered. The fine varieties developed by cross- breeding will be distributed by the Department of Agriculture to persons who have learned enough about culti- vating wild blueberries to show they can handle the new varieties with success. Persons who are interested in finding such plants should write at once to Miss Elizabeth C. White of New Lisbon, New Jersey. Miss White will send full directions, with measuring gauges, and bottles of formaldehyde for mailing large berries that are discovered. !jii:itiiirriiirriiiiiirrii[iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiriiriiiriiiiniiiitiiiiiiMtiiiitiiiiiiciiniiiiiiiiiiitiiiirriiiiiiiriii iiiiniiitiniiiiMii tMiiiiMiiriiiiiiiMiiiiirniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i itiiiiiii^ WE ARE BUYING I ROYAL ANNE CHERRIES I lOc per Pound I DELIVERED | I Portland, Oregon, or Vancouver, Washington | I Receiving Station Portland : | I East Third and East Main Streets | I Phones East 6096- B 2819 | i WE WILL FURNISH PICKING BOXES | OREGON PACKING CO. ^iiiiiiimiimiiiiiuiniinniMiimiMiiiiiniinumnimmiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiinmiiiiimitriiitiiMimiriiimiMiuiiirinriirnni'iMtiu "Listen!" says the Good Judge — "And remember it, too." The better the quality of your chew, the more you'll enjoy it. You'll get more out of your to- bacbo money, too — you'll save part of it for something else. A small chew of this quality tobacco tastes good • — and it lasts and lasts. THE REAL TOBACCO CHEW put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page i8 BETTER FRUIT July, iplQ NORTHWEST ORCHARD LADDERS Over Forty Thousand Northwest Ladders in use today. Every customer satisfied. Easle Brand 52-54 Union Avenue Corner East Oak Street Northwest Standard Northwest Fence & Wire Works PORTLAND OREGON THE VERY LATEST IMPROVEMENT IN FRUIT GRADERS ^ IS THE "New Four" Grade IDEAL Fruit Grader It is built for the largest growers and packing houses who require a large output each day. The sizing is by diameter or cheek measurement, the most perfect way fruit should be sized. We build the Ideal Fruit Grader in four sizes to suit any grower's need, and it will do perfect work on Apples, Pears, Peaches, Oranges or any other fruit having similar shape. We have designed our machine so there is absolutely no bruising of the fruit in any manner. The machine is very simple in construction, with nothing to get out of order or out of adjustment. Does not make the least noise, as there are no metal parts coming in contact with each other to cause a lot of wear and trouble. The grading is done by elastic bands revolving crosswise of the belt that carries the fruit along the machine until it arrives at the proper bin where *it comes in contact with this elastic which rolls it off gently into its proper bin without injury. This season's crop is such that we have had to double our output to handle our orders, as we are replacing other machines of other makes that have cost much more than what we are asking for ours. Our prices are very moderate, as we have no agents or brokers to pay a large profit for selling, so by selling direct to the users we can sell very close. It will pay you big to write us to get more information and prices before you buy, for our machine will prove very satisfactory, as it has to many others for the past few years. We have one of the most complete shops with the best of machinery to build every part over a pattern to get them exact. Write us for prices stating your needs then we will gladly quote you prices on any size machine you need. We also carry in stock the Bryant Clamp Warehouse Truck that will save you the price many times over each season in labor. WRITE US IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO., Hood River, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 19 19 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 How to Grow and Dry Apricots Successfully APRICOTS are the first of the larger fruits that we handle. In previous years the buyers would want large fruit some years and in other years the demand was for both the larger and the smaller fruit. For the past two years, however, the demand has been so great for apricots that size mattered little if the fruit was of good quality. The nor- mal demand, however, is for good sized fruit, and one of the problems that the growers have had to solve is to obtain it in a dry year. Methods of Dry Culture. There are two methods of obtaining large sized fruit in a dry year — deep plowing in the spring and good cultiva- tion up to the time of thinning. If the trees are young, but of the bearing age. hoNOR-Bilt PUMP JACKS With your gasoline engine or motor, a Myers Pump Jack gives you plenty of water ali the time. Easily ~ attached to any windmill pump without disturbing pumpor pipe. Several styles. All have heavy^ machinecutgears, steelshaft- ing and pins, and are built with either wood or steel side J arms. Simple aod rugged, they stand yearsofhard use. Each one bears the Myers stamp of ^ quality It isamark ofbetterser-^ vice in Pumps. Pump Jacks, ' Tools and Door Hangers, dealer will show t^ you.orwrritedirect F LMYEISiBRO. 135 FoarthSt. Aihlajd. Obio FOR EVERY PURPOSEK^ Northwest Distributors Portland, Ore. A California Growers' Experience they will hold the fruit longer and greener on the trees than trees ten to fourteen years old, the young tree rip- ening the fruit more slowly than the old tree. If the spring rains do not come before the latter part of March it is time to commence deep plowing and thorough cultivation. At the proper time, usually between May 1 and May 10, the fruit should be thinned. On young trees the fruit should not be allowed to touch each other on the branch. The bunches and clusters in a dry year should be thinned out to half a crop to secure good sized fruit. Old trees should be even more severely thinned, as the fruit on them is inclined to grow in clusters of from four to twenty on a fruit stem. Thin them to one finger apart and to half a crop. This advice is for the grower who has no system of irrigation. By following the above advice you will be reasonably assured of good sized fruit in a dry year and the sizes come up to the buyer's idea of good, clean fruit. Irrigation. If you wish to succeed every year, rain or no rain, you must have irriga- tion. If you have no water, place in your apricot orchard a good sized pumping plant, suitable to the number of acres of fruit. It has been my exper- ience that it will pay every owner of a five-acre tract in orchard to have water to put on it when needed. Irrigation is the apricot grower's best investment to insure a regular crop. Other Methods to Be Pursued. Like other branches of fruit growing, apricot culture is a real science. One should know at sight the condition of the trees, their growth and what they need. Apricots need good heavy prun- ing every year. If it is a year of no crop there will be plenty of inside growth and lots of wood to cut out. The year of a good crop there will be but little inside growth of wood. You should watch carefully the condition of your trees for the next year's buds by thinning out all the inside growth and shortening all straggling limbs. The trees should be sprayed in the latter part of November with bluestone and lime or bordeaux mixture. In February or just before the trees come into bloom they should be sprayed with lime, sul- phur and salt or given another spraying with bordeaux mixture. The latter is .IIOO°-°AWEEk We want at least one well-acqaainted ambitious driver in every locality to demonBtrate and sell a wonderfnl new pnnctare-proof tire. OWans BeftdleHi Tires cost only half as moch, yet guaranteed 5000 Miles Puncture-Proof They're also overflize.botter looking and easier riding. We help you establish a Bubstantial floarishlug boBinesa of yonrown, the weekly prnfltsfrom which will amaze you. We show yon how and uive yoa every help. If yoxi are ambl- tioQB to build a big business of your own, and are now making less than $100 a week, write or wire at once. GIVENS CONSOUDATED ROBBER CO. 007 Second 8U Ban Francisco .^^^Sf MakeaTractorofYourCar Use it for farm work. Pullford catalog shows how to make a practical tractor out of Ford and other cars. Write for Catalog Pullford Co., Box 3460 Quincy, III. the Point FRUIT WRAPPER Chemically Treated "Caro" Protects "Caro", from DessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is worth shipping it is worth keeping in best condition. Demand "CARO"— Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO"— The Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Maritet St., San Francisco WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2& more effective against blight and cleans uj) the bark also. Like other fruit trees, there are four growths in the apricot tree each year: the bud growth and bloom, the leaf growth, the wood and fruit growth, and the last growth in September to strengthen the buds for the coming year. Then the trees become dormant. A good time to prepare the land in an apricot orchard for winter is after the fruit is thinned. Run your furrows as the land drops away, plowing three feet from the trees on each side of the row, throwing the furrow toward the tree. \Mien the land has been plowed in fur- rows one way, then cross plow, if the land is nearly level, every fifty feet; if steeper, every twenty-five feet. These cross checks hold the water from run- BETTER FRUIT ning faster than you want it. In this way the whole space, including furrows, will be covered with water. The slower you put on the water, the deeper it sinks. On the first irrigation the land is so thirsty for that long drink you wonder where it is all going, but in a little time it comes along with a strong force until the whole row has been watered. If your main ditch is large you can irrigate three or four rows at a time. Let the water seep into the ground through every row in the orchard. When you have finished the last row, go right back to the first row and com- mence all over again. The second water- ing will be done much faster than the first, and will be very effective. Some parts of all orchards will dry l,LTD Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For Further Particulars Write or Wire Us at Boston or 97 Warren Street, New York City July, 19 19 out sooner than other parts. Start the cultivation on the part that is ready. You can lose the moisture in a day, if you don't watch it. In three or four days start the cultivation. Do good work; do not skimp any part of the ground that was watered. After the cultivator follow with the disk harrow. Then follow with the clod smasher and smooth the land to prevent evaporation. In that way one will be able to raise good fruit in a dry year, and in no other way. The Pumping Plant. My apricots are Royals and Blen- heims. The soil is a sandy sediment, twenty-eight feet deep, water gravel twenty-two feet, twelve feet of hard sand pan, where we reached second water. The total depth of wells is sixty- five feet. We have two wells in one pit. We have a fine 18-horsepower crude oil gas engine. It is started with gaso- line and distillate, and afterward run on crude oil. We have a No. 5 centrifu- gal pump, throwing a powerful stream. It is belted from the engine flywheel horizontally, and has connecting up- right belt from the pump, with tighten- ing jacks and levers. The engine works easily. The pump throws 50,000 gallons an hour, or 500,- 000 gallons on a ten-hour run. The water is two feet below the pump, and after stopping the engine after a day's run the water is at the same level instantly. The trees are planted in squares, 25x25 feet apart, and are thirteen years old. I consider a good crop six green tons to the acre, or one ton dried. I never irrigate less than twice, and three times if needed. My personal judgment and how the trees respond to the water is my guide, but I always err on the side of "more water" for deep sediment soil such as I have. The bot- tom and top moisture should always meet beneath in any year to insure a full crop. In ordinary years when the rains are plentiful during or at the time of bloom- ing, only the healthy blooms will stick, which does not insure so large a crop, but larger fruit and not so many on the trees. The Drying Yard. During the drying season there are sometimes circular gusts of wind which come up in the afternoon, mostly from the south, and often overturn the trays and despoil the fruit. A cloud of dust rises also, making it very hard for the drying fruit. When this takes place never attempt to place the soft scattered fruit on the trays; if you do you will make a mess of it. Let it dry where it is, as you cannot save it all. To obviate the trouble from dust we determined to plant alfalfa in the dry- ing yard. After the fruit drying was over we flooded the drying yard space. It was then disked both ways and leveled and harrowed. The land was moist at the time and the seed came up. In April we cut the first crop. Just before we need the space for a drying yard we make another cutting, about June 20, cutting it down close and raking it WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FHUIT July, I pip BETTER FRUIT Page 21 clean. Then we are ready to use the yard for trays and fruit. When the drying season is over the yard is cleared and the space then is as clean as a clay floor from being used so much. It is then flooded with water and in three weeks the top of the ground is green all over and before the rains come we have another cutting crop; three crops a year, a ton at each cutting. So we make something from the space that was be- fore occupied by trees and have also solved the dust problem, which means clean fruit and better prices. Oregon Growers Form State Wide Association As the result of a recent meeting in Portland of seventy-five represen- tative Oregon fruit and nut growers to consider the plan of organizing a state- wide co-operative association, articles of incorporation have been filed and a campaign of education is now being carried on to fully inform the fruit growers of the various sections in re- gard to the details of the proposed organization. The incorporators of the new association are Isaac D. Hunt, D. W. Johnson, E. L. Klemmer, J. O. Holt, E. W. Matthews, C. I. Lewis, George L. Zimmerman, Seymour Jones and W. E. St. John. The articles of incorporation cover the formation of two organizations, the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Associa- tion and the Oregon Growers' Packing Corporation. Control of both organi- zations will be vested in the former. The articles of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association provide for a non-profit and co-operative organiza- tion to promote the production of all varieties of fruits and nuts and to handle and pack these products in the interest of the growers. A contract is provided for between the two organiza- tions whereby the association will de- liver its products to the packing corpor- ation, which will handle them on a non-profit basis. The control of selling thepacked products is left in the hands of the association. To become a mem- ber of the association the applicant must be an actual grower of fruit in Oregon. The capital stock of the packing cor- poration is fixed at $1,000,000. Of this amount $500,000 worth of common and $500,000 of preferred stock will be issued, and the plan provides that mem- bers shall take stock in the organization on a basis of $10 for each acre of fruit in bearing. The marketing agreement provides that the grower shall sell his products to the association and that the association shall pay the grower the resale price, less the actual cost of handling and the other necessary charges, which must not exceed two per cent of the gross selling price. The two per cent to be retained by the asso- ciation will be used to pay advertising costs, dividends, and to create a reserve fund to retire the preferred stock. While the association will extend its operations to all the fruit-growing sec- tions of the state, its most immediate action will be the- absorbing and com- bining of the interests of the Salem Fruit Union, the Umpqua Valley Fruit Union, the Roseburg cannery, the Doug- las County Prune Growers' Association, the Scotts Mills Prune Growers' Asso- ciation, the Dundee Prune Growers' Association, the Eugene Fruit Canners' Association, and the Willamette Valley Fruit Exchange at Corvallis. The large capitalization proposed is for the pur- pose of providing funds for the pur- chase of the physical properties of these organizations, such as canneries, pack- ing establishments and equipment, and to construct and maintain additional plants where necessary. Funds to finance the proposition, it is reported, will be forthcoming when the associa- tion is ready to commence operations. The new organization will not attempt to handle any of the Oregon fruit crop this year, but expects to have every- thing complete for taking over this allied fruit industry in 1920. To give the various districts local representation in the central body it is proposed to appoint a board of direc- tors from each district. It is expected that the new organization will be han- dling $5,000,000 worth of fruit products in the near future. The new organizations had their in- ception through the efforts of Robert C. Paulus, manager of the Salem Fruit Union. At the suggestion of a number of prominent fruit growers in the Wil- lamette Valley, Mr. Paulus went to Cali- fornia, where he studied the operations of several of the big co-operative asso- ciations. Being satisfied of their suc- cess, he secured the consent of Aaron Sapiro of San Francisco, attorney for the largest co-operative associations in California, to come to Portland and out- line a plan of organization for Oregon growers. The plan received the unanimous approval of the meeting of growers, who appointed an organization com- mittee of the following to take it up: Robert Paulus of Salem, W. W. Silver of Dundee, George Zimmerman of North Yamhill, E. W. Matthews of Amity, K. W. Johnson of Corvallis, E. E. Klem- mer of Alvadore, J. O. Holt of Eugene, A. N. Elliot of Dallas and Earl Percy of Roseburg. The following were also chosen to act in an advisory capacity to the organization committee: J. A. Taylor of Scotts Mills, Seymour Jones of Salem, Stanley Smith of Albany, C. I. Lewis of Corvallis, E. M. Barlow of Eugene, W. C. Jamison of Hillsboro, L. F. Russell of Washougal, R. H. C. Wood of Roseburg, W. C. Harding of Roseburg. W. E. St. John of Sutherlin, John Busen- bark of Roseburg, Frank Gibson of Salem, Henry Both of Dallas, E. W. Coulson of Scotts Mills, G. A. Dearborn of Dundee, Ferd Groner of Hillsboro, Kenneth Miller of Sheridan, J. E. Cox of Dallas, H. S. Butts of Dallas, C. C. Hall of Gresham, J. A. Riggs of The Dalles, C. E. Spence of Oregon City, J. E. Ferguson, Stanley Armstrong of Milston, J. J. McDonald of Salem and Professor McPherson of the Oregon Agricultural College. These two committees worked out the plans of the organizations with the assistance of Mr. Sapiro, which were adopted, resulting in their incorpora- tion as already stated. Growing Cuthbert Red Raspberries in Oregon By Oren Stratton, Brownsville, Oregon IN discussing the subject of growing the Cuthbert red raspberry let it be understood that this article is not writ- ten with the intention of encouraging or discouraging the growing of this fruit, but rather of giving some of the experiences we have had in the past few years in connection with berry growing, that the reader may draw his own conclusions. We first became interested in this business in the year 1907, when we plowed up some river bottom land which had never been cropped, and planted the Cuthbert raspberry in rows seven feet apart and the plants thirty inches apart in the rows. This proved to be a very satisfactory venture, as the plants grew very rapidly and produced some fruit the first year, and the second year the crop yielded about one and one-half tons per acre. At picking time the young canes had grown to a height of six to eight feet, with a heavy foliage, thus making it very difficult to pick the ripe fruit, and neighbors who saw this splendid pros- pect were encouraged to set out small tracts to cane fruits. We had planted some loganberries and blackberries also at this time, which gave equal satisfac- tion as to yield. A few years later, when the price for fruit at the canning plants was very low, in fact too low to produce fruit at a living wage, many of the smaller growers plowed up their berries and have since grown other crops on their land. In 1914 we decided to enlarge our berry field, having sixty acres adjoining the tract which we had first planted, all river bottom land and well drained. The sixty-acre field, however, had been farmed to grain for the past fifty years, growing splendid crops, the wheat and oats growing as tall as the horses' backs when harvesting the crops. We found the growth of the canes on this sixty- acre field much smaller than on the first tract planted, which would only be a natural result from the continuous crop- ping of grain. We have applied land plaster, ashes, etc., to the ground, but thus far have found nothing as satis- factory for a fertilizer as stable manure, though we have only a limited supply of this for use on this berry field. The second year after planting this tract we had only a light crop of fruit, and in 1917 and 1918 the summer sea- sons were very dry and as a conse- Page 22 BETTER FRUIT July, 19 ip quence we cannot give a very glowing report of the yield, as we lost quite a large percentage of the crop in the field, caused by the unusual heat ripen- ing up the fruit much faster than we could pick with the help at hand, though under ordinary conditions we had enough to gather the crop as fast as it would ripen. The yield last season was only a little better than a ton per acre that was saved and delivered to the cannery. We telephoned the employment agency and bureau at Portland for more pick- ers, but could not get any relief to help us out of the emergency caused by the unusual ripening conditions. We now have a small farm tractor of the track-laying type with which we can cultivate between the rows and thus conserve the moisture during the heat of the season, should we have another year as dry as was the last. I might mention another thing we did last July which I now think was un- wise. As we finished picking the rasp- berries we had a little time to spare for the pickers before the Evergreens were ready to pick, so we had some of the pickers thin apples and others cut out the old fruiting canes from the Cuth- berls, thus giving the new canes a better chance to grow during the balance of the season. We found a surprise in store, for when the rains came on the new canes developed fruit spurs, blos- somed and in November we had a splen- did crop of berries growing on the wood of last year's growth. We picked as many of these berries as we could, sold some on the local market and shipped many crates to Portland, where they sold at retail for 25 cents per box. Now the question is, will this impair the growth and yield of the plants to the extent of diminishing the crop for this year? At any rate, we do not plan to repeat the summer pruning this season. Through the co-operation of the Ore- gon Agricultural College and under the instruction of Professor C. I. Lewis we applied, as an experiment, 500 pounds of sulphate of ammonia on one plot of ground and 500 pounds of nitrate of soda to another plot, as near alike as we could get, and will note the results in the berries, growth of canes, flavor and color of the ripe fruit, etc. I cannot give an exact account of the expense per acre of growing the Cuth- berts, as we do not keep a check on this field alone, but cultivate and care for the entire tract together, as we grow Cuthberts, Black Caps, Lawtons and Evergreens in the same field. On ordi- nary soil I do not think raspberry growing is as profitable as the logan- berry or Evergreen blackberry, but this, like other propositions, all depends on the price paid for the ditTerent kinds of fruits. To sum up our past experiences I might say, with the prices which pre- vailed up to 1919, we came out just about even with our expenses, but with the prices that are being paid for all berry fruits at the present time I think where one owns suitable land it could not well yield better returns than in growing berries. How long these prices will prevail I would not attempt to guess. History tells us that during the boom of 1910-12 about 50,000 acres of fruit was set out in the Medford district. Since that date about 20,000 acres have been dug up and the ground planted to grain and hay crops. It is best that we do not lose our balance of reason when these boom prices are ofTered. Let one try a small field at first. I do not favor long-time contracts for fruit deliveries. I have had ten years' experience in the canning business, so I can view it from the standpoint of grower and canner. From my experi- ence I would say that one year at a time is as long as I would advise. Let the CUTLER Cut Your Grading Cost 25% to 50% The Cutler Mechanical Sorting Table will do it. Read what the users of Cutler Graders have to say : Chino, Cal Cutler Manufacttuing Company, Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: Tour card for suggestions as to the use and care of the Grader was received with thanks. As to the grader which we purchased from you and used this season, we wish to express our perfect satis- faction as to the work it does, and would recommend it to anyone or firm wishing information as to the best grader tbey could buy. Respectfully yours. CHINO VAT.T.KT APPLE GROWERS' ASSOCIATION (Signed) B. M. Lederer, Secretary. High Rolls. N. M., January 18. 1919. Cutler Manufacturing Company, Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: In answer to your letter of January 6th will say as to the Grader, it is just as you recom- mended. Well worth the price. Very truly yours. (Signed) S. KOTOSKY. January 22, 1919. Side view of the two-section model December 3, 1918 packer, and made himself useful besides. I don't be- lieve I would get along without a Cutler even at tmce the price. Sincerely yours. (Signed) F. E. GAHRINGER. Mr. Gahringer purchased a Two-Section Model in 1918. This is a ca.se where our smallest model was run to only part of its capacity. Wenatchee. Wash.. January 29. 1919. Cutler Manufacturing Company, Portland. Oregon. Gentlemen: We are very glad to report to you that we had elegant success with the 191S grader that we purchased from you last season. We operated the macliine tliirteen hours per day four days each week, twelve hours two days and ten hours the seventh day. The machine ran continuously without a mechanical break and throughout the season we did not lose more than two or three hours on account of an occasional break \rith the belts. We put over the grader 67,0ii0 boxes, with an average run of 1.400 boxes a day. Our best run in thirteen hours wa^ 1,742 boxes. We are verj- enthusiastic over your grading machine and do not hesitate to recommend it very highly to anyone. Very truly yours. CLARK-OLIVER APPIJ3 COftrPANT. ♦ By (Signed) D. L. Oliver. The Clark-Oliver Apple Company purcliased two Four-Section Cutler Graders in 1917 which were equipped with ordinary belt sorting tables, and in 1918 purchased one of our Four-Section Models equipped with our new mechanical sorting table. Operating both types in 1918 under the same conditions showed a big saving in cost of sorting by the mechanical table. The output reported atwve averages 1131 piicked boxes based on a ten-hour day. This substantiates our claim that the working capacity of the Four-Section Model is from 800 to 1200 packed boxes in ten hours. This letter also indicates the reliability and staying quali- ties of the Cutler Grader. Cashmere, Wash., March 15, 1919. Cutler Manufacturing Company, 351 East Tenth Street, Portland. Oregon. Gentlemen: Replying to your letter asMng for state- ment of our experience with your graders, we wish to say that we have used your graders for several years and have been verj' much pleased \rith the results obtained During the past season we have operated four of your graders — one four-section and three three-section ma- chines—all of which gave excellent service. However, while we have been satisfied irith the work of the smaller machines, we believe in packing houses where the output is considerable, that the larger type of machine is the more desirable, as our experience has been that its capacity is very materially in excess of the three-section tj-pe. Trusting that this will give you the information desired, we remain. Yours very truly, CASHMERE FRUIT GROWERS' UNION, (Signed) C. C. Lemmon, Manager. Wenatchee, Wash Cutler Manufacturing Company, Portland, OrcKon. Dear Sirs: In reply to your of the 3rd Instant, will say that I like my two-grade Cutler machine very much. One can take care of a crop much easier, as it saves 80 verj- much of the handling of the fruit where there is no grader. I used two packers and two sorters and one of the sorters packed quite a number of boxes each day. We packed out in all 5,200 boxes, averaging 235 a day. One man did the nailing up and stamp- ing waited on the sorters, besides waiting on one lady THE CUTLER. GRADER. IS MADE IN THE FOLLO^VING SIZES: For Barrel Packing: 18 bins 1 section model — Handles 2 grades ... 8 bins 26 bins 2 section model — Handles 2 or 3 grades . . 16 bins 36 bins 2 section model — Handles 3 grades. Combination box and barrel 40 bins Tlie Cashmere Fruit Growers' Union Ls noted for the orderly and systematic movement of fruit through their splendidly equipped paclting liouse at Casliniere. Wash- ington. Tlieir experience concurs wth our recommen- dation that large growers and padiers should use our Four-Section or Big Four Models. For Box Packing: 2 section model — Handles 2 grades 3 section niodcl — Handles 2 or 3 grades 4 section model — Handles 2 or 3 grades Big 4 model— Handles 2 or 3 grades WRITE TODAY FOR CATALOG AND PRICES CUTLER MANUFACTURING CO. 351 East 10th street. Portland. Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, ipjp BETTER FRUIT Page 23 List of Northwest Fruit Shippers IN accordance with its custom from year to year Better Fruit is pub- lishing this month a list of the fruit- shipping organizations, companies and firms throughout the Northwest. The list this year, as far as we have been able to make it complete, is a follows: NORTHWEST FRUIT EXCHANGE Baker-Langdon Orchard Co., Walla Walla, Wn. Bardwell Fruit Co., Medford, Oregon. Bleaklev Fruit Co., While Bluffs, Wn. H. G. Bohlke, Dryden, Wn. Brewster District Unit, Brewster, Wn. Jas. H. DeVeuve, White Bluffs, Wn. J. L. Dumas, Dayton, Wn. Entiat Fruit Growers' League, Entiat, Wn. Gerrick & Gerrick, Dryden, Wn. Clarence Hanford, Hanford, Wn. Indian Cache Ranch, Lewiston, Idaho. Israel Orchard Co., Dayton, Wn. Jones & Day, Dayton, Wn. Leavenworth Fruit Growers' Unit, Leaven- \sorth, W^n. Methow-Pateros Growers, Inc., Pateros, Wn. Milton Fruit Growers' Co-operative Union, Freewater, Oregon. Montgomery & Robinson, Dixie, Wn. M. C. Moore & Sons, Walla Walla, Wn. J. H. Morrow, Walla Walla, Wn. Okanogan Growers' Union, Okanogan, Wn. Omak Fruit Growers, Inc., Omak, Wn. E. S. Phillips, R. F. D. No. 2, Cashmere, Wn. Spokane Fruit Growers' Co., Spokane, Wn. Stratford Orchards, Stratford, Wn. Sunnyslopc Fruit Ranch, Prosser, Wn. Herbert Charles Taylor, Dryden, Wn. Touchet-Gardena Fruit Co., Touchet, Wn. United Orchards Co., Dryden, Wn. Waitsburg Fruit Growers' Association, Waits- burg, Wn. Walla Walla Gardeners' Association, Walla Walla, Wn. Weiser River Fruit Association, Welser, Idaho. Wells & Wade Orchard Co., Wenatchee, Wn. Wenatchee Apple Land Corporation, Quincy, Wn. Willamette Valley Fruit Exchange, Monroe, Oregon. GRANTS PASS, OREGON Eisman &. Hunt. U. D. Mihills. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Hood River Apple Growers' Association. Kelly Bros. Hood River Fruit Company. Lava Bed Orchard Co. Dan Wuille & Co. Willis Van Horn. L. E. Ireland. Davidson Fruit Co. MEDFORD, OREGON Stewart Fruit Co. Denny & Company. George Kaufman. Beautiful 10-Acre Tract Seven acres in nine-year-old select ap- ples. Located on David's Hill, two miles from Forest Grove, Oregon. Price $4,000. Address LOTUS L. Langley, Board of Trade Bldg. Portland, Ore. For Sale or Trade 320 level acres, foothills. Southern California. No alkali or hardpan. Fruit and stock location, gravity water and good well, usual improve- ments, house and bam, etc. Idea! climate, ele- vation 3,000 feet. $30.00 per acre. Write owner. Box 211, Victorville, California Rogue River Co-operative Fruit Association. Rogue River Fruit & Produce Association. Earl Fruit Co. Guy Connor. J. F. Barkdull. Hillcrest Orchard Co. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON Roche Fruit & Produce Co. Denny & Co. R. L. Michaels. Yakima County Horticultural Union. Washington Fruit & Produce Co. Ryan Fruit Co. Hays Fruit Co. Thompson Fruit Co. C. M. Holtzinger. Thompson-Duddy Co. C. H. Stein. Pennington & Co. Congdon Orchards. Selah Fruit & Cold Storage Co., Selah. Thos. R. Robinson Co., Grandview. Richey & Gilbert Co. J. MacPhee Ferguson. Pacific Fruit & Produce Co. Yakima Fruit Growers' Association. White Bros. & Crum. J. M. Perry & Co. Fruit Growers of Oregon! Stop gambling with your fruit — Make your investment safe — Broaden and stabilize your markets — Get a better price for your fruit. The Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association 2. J. 4. 5. has organized with the following aims: 1 Xo nationalize Oregon's horticultural products under an • Oregon label. To gain wider distribution and thus prevent an over sup- ply of fruit in limited markets. To eliminate as far as possible the market speculator that stands between grower and consumer. To raise the general standards of fruits so that they may sell for a higher price. To stablize the value of your investment by stablizing your markets. ^ To eliminate waste caused by duplication of equipment ^* in new fruit-producing centers. J To reduce growing and marketing costs, and to cut out ' • unnecessary expenses of every nature. This organization will be a business, owned and operated and controlled by and for you — the Oregon fruit producer. It is backed by the most prominent and experienced horticultural men in Oregon. Adequate financial arrange- ments are being concluded for handling of products. The present list of incorporators include: Isac D. Hunt.Vice President Ladd & Ttlton Bank; Seymour Jones, Salem, Oregon; J. O. Holt, Manager Eugene Fruit Growers' Association; Prof. C. I. Lewis, Chief Dept. Horticulture; E. L. Klemmer, Fruit Grower, Alvadore, Oregon; B. W. Johnson, Secretary Willamette Valley Fruit Exchange. Monroe; George Zimmerman, Yamhill Fruit Grower; W. E. St. John, Sutherlin, Oregon, Fruit Grower and Douglas County Commissioner; E. W. Matthews, Amity Walnut Grower; Earl Percy, County Fruit Examiner of Douglas County; Robert C. Paulus, Salem. Oregon, Chairman Organization Committee. INCORPORATION CLOSES JANUARY 1, 1920 For further information address EARL PERCY, Secretary Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association SALEM. OREGON lEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24, BETTER FRUIT July, I pip Dry Your Own Fruits and Veg'etables Imperative necessity demands nation-wide conservation of those portions of our food crops which have heretofore been permitted to go to waste. A considerable portion of this wasted food material is made up of perishable fruits and vegetables produced in home gar- dens and fruit plots in excess of the imme- diate needs of the producers, and in the ab- sence of accessible markets for the surplus drying offers a simple, convenient and econ- omical method for preserving food material and permits the carrying over of the surplus into periods in which fresh fruits and vege- tables are expensive or unobtainable. Success In drying depends upon the observance of a few fundamental principles, and the quality of the product depends upon the care em- ployed in the selection of the raw material, upon proper preparation for drying and upon careful control of the temperature employed. In every district, no matter what the cli- matic conditions may be. drying by artificial heat has proven to be the most economical, quickest and most sanitary method of drying fruits and vegetables. We are therefore in- troducing our Home Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator. It is recognized by the best authority as being the most practical method of extracting water from fruits and vegeta- bles that has yet been devised, and built especially for use on wood and coal-burning stoves and ranges, with the idea of utilizing their surplus heat. It can also be used on gasoline, kerosene, gas and electric stoves by the aid of a de- flector plate to spread the flame. This may be had at any hardware store by purchasing a piece of 18 or 20 gauge black sheet iron about 16x18 inches, according to the size or style of stove being used. These are not furnished with the evaporator, as there are so many different kinds and sizes of these stoves on the market that it would be im- possible to make one deflector plate to fit them all. For Instance, stoves having a cook- ing surface large enough so it would cover the entire bottom of the evaporator, a deflec- tor plate large enough to cover the imme- diate flame would be sufBcient. THE HOME- Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator shown above is constructed throughout of WilLsville polished blued steel except the six trays, which are made of six-mesh galvanized hardware cloth. It is 18x20 inches at the bottom and 12x20 inches at the top and 24 inches high. Shipping weight. 28 pounds. The six galvanized trays, which are >/4 inch deep, comprise a drying surface of approximately 14 square feet. The back is made sloping for two reasons; first, it can be used on the ordinary kitchen range without interference from the high closet; second, it acts as a deflector of warm air as it arises from the stove, deflecting the currents through the trays, as it ascends, giving a perfect circulation and producing even drying. The large slide drafts at the top and bot- tom permit the control of the amount of warm air and enable the operator to main- tain an even temperature. There is not a bolt or nut in the Home Evaporator, it being held together by five tie rods fitting into pockets on either end; it is hinged on all four corners, and can be folded Into a small space in a few seconds by anyone, enabling the housewife to put it away when not in use. By the use of the Home Evaporator a com- plete process of evaporation can be accom- plished in three hours or more, depending upon the article being evaporated. The E. E. Samson Co. C. R. Paddock & Co. Earl Fruit Co. of the Northwest. Growers* Service Co. Western Fruit & Produce Co. Sunset Fruit & Produce Co., Wapato, Wn. WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON Cashmere Apple Co. J. H. Ferryman. Galletly Fruit Co. Wenatchee Fruit & Storage Co. Northern Fruit Co. Puyallup & Sumner Fruit Growers' Canning Co., Puyallup. G. M. H. Wagner & Sons. Settles Commission Co. United Distributors. Wenatchee Apple & Warehouse Co. Wenatchee Northern Warehouse & Marketing Co. Wilmeroth Co., C. W. VanHorn & Baker. Geo. D. Bryan. Dow Fruit Co. Clark-Oliver Warehouse Co. J. H. Garrett. P. R. Gussman Warehouse Co. Wenatchee Warehouse Co. Pacific Fruit & Produce Co. Rex Spray Co. Sunny Slope Fruit Exchange. E. Wagner & Son. Wells & Wade. Wenatchee Produce Co. Earl Fruit Co. Ryan Fruit Co. G. B. Tribble. CASHMERE, WASHINGTON Cashmere Apple Co. Cashmere Fruit Growers' Union. Earl Fruit Co. Prentiss Warehouse Co. Wenatchee Valley Fruit Exchange. Cashmere Fruit Distributors. Cashmere Warehouse & Storage Co. East End Warehouse Co. Sullivan & Griner. MONITOR, WASHINGTON Clarke-Oliver Co. Growers' Supply Co. Monitor Fruit Sales Co. DRYDEN, WASHINGTON Dryden Fruit Growers' Union. PESHASTIN, WASHINGTON Peshastin Fruit Growers' Association. J. O. Killian, Entiat, Wn. J. W. Forsythe, Okanogan, Wn. O. R. Bond, Orondo, Wn. $12.50 complete You could not mal^e a better investment at this season — send your order in direct from this advertisement, or if you want additional information Write for FREE. BOOR ••Best MetKods of Drying" This book has been prepared by experts. It tells: "The Possibilities and Limitations of Drying"— "The Fundamental Principles of Drying" — "Preparing Fruits and Vegetables for Drying." It tells how best to dry apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, prunes, flgs, berries, potatoes, turnips, pumpkin, tomatoes, sweet com, beans, etc. Write today for this valuat>le book. OUTWEST SUPPLY CO. PORTLAND. OREGON Bureau of Markets Chief Resigns. Charles J. Brand, Chief of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of Agri- culture since its inception in 1913, has resigned, his resignation taking effect at the close of business on June 30, 1919. He will become vice-president and gen- eral manager of a commercial concern with headquarters at Pittsburg, Penn- sylvania. George Livingston, a member of the bureau staff, will be designated to act as chief of the bureau until Mr. Brand's successor is appointed. Mr. Brand has been with the Depart- ment of Agriculture since 1903 and had charge of the forage crop and paper plant investigations and the cotton handling and marketing work of the Bureau of Plant Industry before the creation in 1913 of the OfHce of Mar- kets, which was afterwards made a bureau. Under his direction, the Bu- reau of Markets has grown from a dozen employes to a staff of about two thousand, located in Washington and other cities and at country shipping points and it has built up, under Mr. Brand's direction, a nation-wide news service for producers and distributors of farm products and has carried on many investigations for improving mar- keting practices and methods. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Efficiency and Advertising Bring Success By P. R. Parks, General Manager Spokane Fruit Growers' Company THE Spokane Fruit Growers' Com- pany was organized in May, 1913, to fill the need of an orderly control in the handling of the apple crop from the orchards in the Spokane district, which were in the infancy of their production at this time. Large acreages of land had been set to trees and the disastrous results of disorderly marketing in 1912 brought forcibly to the minds of the growers the necessity of combining to- gether and co-operating with each other in the matter of properly grading, packing, shipping and selling of this fruit crop. A central office was established in Universal Bushel Shippin^Packa^es Will Pack One on the Other Without Injury to Contents You can pack Universal Packages one on the other without the least possible damage to contents or the bottom pack- age. In fact, 450 pounds can be rested upon the bottom package without fear of crushing or bruising fruit or vegetables therein. Made of tough, strong material, reinforced at all burden bearing points, the Universal is easy to pack, easy to handle, easy to ship. The center post running from bottom to top, assures stability and strength. Send for a Sample 25c in coin or stamps will bring a Universal Package to your address. Get our Monthly Bulletin o£ interest to growers and packers. A postal brings it. Package Sales Corporation 106 East Jefferson St. South Bend, Indiana Victory Home Food Drier For veKetables, fruit and seed corn. It saves time, labor and money. Foods preserved in Tlie Victory Driar "taste just like fresh picked." The process is simple, easy and 3ure and the foods thus preserved are delicious and whole- some. This is the heat and the only dehydrator of the type in the world. Scientific, proved. Run by a Kerosene fan. Ask for catalogue D 2, The Lake Breeze Motor, S61-B W. Monroe St., Chicago WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Spokane with various branches at the shipping points. It was believed that an efficient office force and clerical force could be maintained at one cen- tral point to transact the business of various small communities at greater economy and more efficiency than could be had through various small forces at shipping points, which were very likely to be untrained, and would be employed for only a comparatively short season each year. The wisdom of this judgment has been demonstrated year after year. Strict grade and pack rules were adopted and enforced; labels were se- lected and registered in the patent office, and every endeavor was made to put the apple crop of the Spokane dis- trict on the market in such a manner as would create favorable comment and a lasting reputation. Reflections of these endeavors have been apparent, year after year as the company has become older, in the matter of greater demand for fruit packed under the company's brands and a stability of price. It is apparent that no organiza- tion, or any individual shipper, can hope to establish a place in the markets of the world without sufficient tonnage to attract attention and without follow- ing the policy of delivering quality product. Notwithstanding the fact that the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company had made an enviable place for itself care- ful investigation and a survey of five years' operations convinced the Board of Trustees it would be wise to affiliate with other growers' organizations in a general movement to stabilize and unify the grade and pack and to advertise the Northwestern apple. Consequently, in May of 1918 application was made for membership in the Skookum Packers' Association and the entire crop, of those grades and varieties permissible, was packed under this brand in the 1918 season. Evidence at hand, in the nature of favorable comments and in- creased prices, has convinced the grower members beyond question that the money spent in advertising is re- turned at least three times. There is but one solution for the Northwestern apple growers' problem, and that is the placing of a superior product in a superior package in order to enable him to command the higher ]irice which he must have, considering freight charges, to meet the competition in the large Eastern markets offered by Eastern growers. That this can be done is fully demonstrated by increased demand for Northwestern boxed apples. The grower of poor fruit and the shipper of the same must, and will be, relegated to the discard; his tenure of life is very short. Quality of fruit, honesty of grade and pack and superior services in shipping and selling, coupled with advertising, are the factors which will put the apple industry of the Northwest on a stable, dependable com- mercial basis. More — no more getting down to change the position of your ladder eivry half minute! Get the ^CURITY tlADDER "4 Udder with Me Ws^bb/^/eft out Bound and supported at ever>' step by a pat- ented steel cuff bracket. Cult your picking Saves p;cker5 time by enabling him to reach out tarlher and (eel a greater sense ot security, means a better day's work; rtduces picking costs! SECURITY cuff brackets are made of tuo ounces of sheet steel, attached to each step- end and machine wrappe3 around stile (side- rail) by a patented process. Makes SECUR- ITY' ladders strongeii w here others are weak est; does away with culling into and weaken- ing stile to fasten steps in. SECURITV steps easily replaceable without weakening ladder. All wood vertical grain. Most all big Sunkist orange growers use SECURITY; used in many orchards of Sacra- mento and San Joaquin; recognized standi ladder in big apple- districts of the Northwest! SECURITY' IS the ladder YOU need NOW! For sale by SECURITY dealers only. Write me; I will send you name of your dealer and new booklet on the SECirRITY ladder. Write NOWl J. B. PATTERSON MANUFACTURER 82 Franklin St Oakland. California Dealers in the SECURITY LADDER Salem, R. L. Farmer Hdw. Co. The Dalles. Walther-Williams Hdw. Co. Wenatchee. Wenatchee Produce Co. Yakima, A. B. Fosseen & Co. THIS f PATENTED COMSTRUCTION DOES IT> Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. SAVE YOUR APPLES Willi i\ Mi'uarcii Hvdraulic CidiT Fr Jj^ WHAT EVERY HOME CANNER SHOULD HAVE | ONE of our H.& A. Hand Power Double Seamers. = It ia the only hand power seamer built that will seal all = sizes of sanitary fruit and vegetable cans. Write for prices = and descriptive matte^ to Department T. r HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO., Portland, Ore. | Bui!ticrs of SeamcTS and Steam Pressure Cann'wg Oulfits \ ^IIIMIIIItlllllllMIIIIIMIMMIIIt^lllilllltMIMIillllllMillllillilllllllllillllllllllillillllllilllllMUIIIIilir ^^^^ ^ tJL-i.^ Li,ea^J^%^ ii^Jlift&. Llk A WADE does 10 mdni work Saws 25 cords a day! A money-maker and hard work saver for land clearers and wood-cutting contractors. One man can move it from cut to cut. Simple and reliable. Hundreds in use all over the U. S. When not in use for wood cutting, the « H. P. motor will run mills, feed mills, feed cutters, pumps, etc. "Wj K^adf taw Is tualni wnd ftr Uti lha» 3 tmit a urd. " — F. J. Willlami, Bunti. On. "ihavtiawtdthrntEhfivtfaatialtdoaktaziatlhtraU tfoHt/oot a mtnutt. '*~-N. P. Mytrit Laien, CaUf \ America must bum more wood tor fuel. One Wade will do 10 men's work at one-tenth the cost. Write for free Book, "How Dan Ross cuts 40 cords a day," full de- tails and spec- ial price. Quick deliveriem from over 100 pointt throughout the United State*. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 1919 BETTER FRUIT Page 31 The Big Factor Is Dependability Any truck will perform more or less satisfactorily under favorable conditions, but dependability, according to the BETHLEHEM standard means consistant performance under any road or load conditions. 1'^ -ton Chassis 2K-ton Chassis 3K-ton'Chassis $1,965 $2,365 $3,465 F. O. B. ALLENTOWN, PA. SOME GOOD TERRITORY OPEN TO'DEALERS NORTHWEST AUTO CO., Portland, Oregon Distributors for Oregon and Washington Mail the Coupon for Catalogue Dependable Delivery^ BETHLEHEM MOTORS CORPN- ALLENTOWN. PA To Northwest Auto Co. Portland, Oregon Send catalogue of Bethlehem Truck to Name . . . Address . Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: IBOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Weinstock, State Market Director of Cali- fornia, at a banquet tendered him at the Arlington Club at Portland, he made some statements Ihat are startling. Col. Weinstock, who was instrumental in the organization of the big fruit-growers' associations in Califor- nia, said that before the growers were organ- ized only seven and one-half cents of the con- sumer's dollar went to the producer. "The organization of the co-operative fruit-growers' associations in California," Col. Weinstock said, "has changed the entire face of the country, whereas in 1914 many horticultural industries were in such a condition that land values had dropped to a point where prices were based upon the value of the raw land less the cost of pulling up the trees and vines, when the producer was receiving less than cost of production and was virtually bankrupting — in 1918 every horticultural industry in the state has been stabilized, the producers are receiving a fair profit for their products and a consumer demand has been created through national ad- vertising far exceeding present or future poten- tial production." Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruit Growing Predicting one of the best export markets for box apples in many years, J. Oliver of Loudon, England, who has been touring the Northwest apple-growing districts in the in- terests of Dan Wuille & Co., British apple importers, recently left for New York City to said for England. Mr. Oliver expects that there will be a steady demand for export apples from harvest time until the apple-ship- ping season closes. He stated that he had never known prospects for the apple trade to be better than they are at present. Mr. Oliver said: "Transatlantic freight is now 85 cents a box, with plenty of space offered, and I expect the freight rate to go lower. Before the Ameri- can apple-shipping season comes on England is expected to repeal the Price Control Act, which will result in fruit of fine quality being sold for a better price." Mr. A. Moomaw, foreign representative of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association and other similar apple-growing industries in the Northwest, while on a recent visit in this sec- tion, stated that the most alarming thing for the exporter at the present time is the proposi- tion that has been advanced in England to license dealers in the large cities, with an idea of limiting them to a certain allotment of ex- port apples at one time. Dealers generally in England are reported by Mr. Moomaw to be organizing to oppose this plan. In an address recently made before a repre- sentative audience of Y^akima fruit growers, J. B. Adams, chairman of the Horticultural Committee of the Seattle Chamber of Com- merce, stated that there should be a good mar- ket this year for Northwest apples in France and Ilelgium, in addition to the Australian and Philippine markets. The orchards of the two former countries mentioned, according to Mr. Adams, have been destroyed and they must look to America for their deciduous fruits this year. Mr. Adams also stated that he expected the greatest development in the Northwest fresh-fruit industry to come through ship- ments of fruit to Europe on ships that would sail from the Pacific Coast via the Panama Canal. The saving in freight rates, he said, would be a big help to Northwest apple growers. Through arrangements that were recently completed the New Phez Company of Salem, Oregon, formerly known as the Northwest Products Company, has entered the Wenatchee field to secure fruit products. Negotiations have Just been closed providing for the taking over of the H. E. Farwell plant. It is the in- tention of the new owners of the plant to use it in the manufacture of cider, jellies and pre- serves. The company is now contracting for cull apples for the coming season. The American Fruit Growers, Inc., which has recently been purchasing large acreages of fruit on the Pacific Coast, has entered the We- natchee, Washington, district and has Just pur- chased a 121-acre orchard in the East Wenat- chee section, for which it paid $100,000 cash. The yield expected on this tract this year is between 10,000 and .')0,000 boxes of commercial apples. The purchase included the entire equipment of the place. In addition to their operations in the Northwest, this company has just completed a deal for the purchase of 287 acres of apple orchard in West Virginia, in- cluding 200 acres of bearing trees and 87 acres in three-year-old trees. It is also reported to have bought orchards at Florrie Dale, Pennsyl- vania and In several sections of Virginia. WHE.V WRITING ADVrKTISERS MENTION BETTER FRTIT Page 32 BETTER FRUIT July, ipiQ Several weeks ago tlie company bought large citrus groves in 1-Morida and recently also bought extensive deciduous fruit-producing acreages in CalifiTiiia. Its total investment in orchard property this year is reported to be over 11,000,000. The American Fruit Growers, Inc., is also reported to be interested in the recent merger of big deciduous and citrus fruit interests representing a capitalization of ?200,0(IO,000. Notwithstaiuling the reports that have been going the rounds that many contracts have been made in Washington by buyers of apples, it seems now that most of these offers have been tentative. In the Wenatchee district, while some offers have been made and a few con- tracts signed for this year's apple crop, most of the negotiations along this line are still in the preliminary stage. Growers in many sec- tions of \\'ashington are reported to have dis- cussed the situation and formed opinions as to the prices that they will hold out for. It is said that in many cases these prices are beyond what any of the buyers now in the market are willing to pay. Most of the established local apple-buying concerns have thus far declined to make a definite offer for apples upon any basis whatever. They give as their reason that it is too early to anticipate the market and do not care to begin contracting until they are able to form an intelligent idea of the size and character of the apple crop. The schedule of prices that some of the growers are reported to be holding out for in the Wenatchee district is as follows: Winter Banana and Delicious, •53.50; Spitzenberg, .53; Winesap and Jonathan, §2.50 to $2.75, and Rome Beauty, Stayman and Yellow Newtowns, $2.25 to $2.50 Sgobel & Day, big New York apple dealers, who are w ell known throughout the Northwest, have recently been granted permission by the Secretary of State to increase their capital stock from $75,000 to .$200,000. During the past few years Sgobel & Day's business has reached very large proportions. This firm in 1918 did a business of over $4,000,000. It is interesting to know that during the war-loan campaigns Sgobel & Day bought $110,000 worth of Liberty bonds. Repoiis received from reliable sources are to the effect that a heavy freeze which hit the Colorado fruit-producing districts in the early part of June did an immense amount of dam- age. A cold wave which prevailed for three days forced the temperature down at some points to 20 degrees above zero. In Montrose and Delta Counties the apple crop is estimated to have been damaged fully 50 per cent, while in other districts peaches, small fruits and vegetables also were hit by the heavy frost. Appreciates Better Fruit W. E. White & Co. Newberg, Oregon. Better Fruit Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: Your circular letter this morn- ing's mail reminded me that I had not sub- scribed for your valuable publication as I told Mrs. White I would do. We thank you for the sample copy and we consider the April number alone worth the price of a year's sub- scription. I used to be a subscriber when this was published in Hood River, but dropped it for a time Intending to renew again. This magazine was good from the start, but I believe it is better now and all fruitmen in the North- W'est should be subscribers. Some men ought to be compelled to read this paper and then carry out the conditions laid down. What has become of the Oregon law compel- ling orchardists to spray and prune their trees? For a while this was pushed and some old scaley trees were grubbed out, but since then it seems to be a dead letter and we see or- chards that to all appearances were never trimmed or sprayed. I am not a large grower at the present time, but I try to care for my trees, and I cleared the land and developed one of the nicest small prune orchards in this country and am putting out more orchard each year. We are making some money out of Valley apples by taking care of the trees and young fruit, but yet hundreds of bushels of nice apples rot on the ground in this country every year. Our juice plant here shipped in ten cars of apples from Hood River last season. Wishing you success in your future work I am enclosing you my check of $1.00 for a year's subscription to Better Fbuit. I want the next issue. May number, but you may date my year from April 1st, for that number was Just what I was wanting to get instructions about caring for my trees. Yours respectfully, (Signed) W. E. WHITE. A Great Bargain Offer Better Fruit One Full Year Western Farmer One Full Year McCall's One Full Year Good Stories One Full Year All 4 for $2.00 -^im«i»m>>\i- MCCALL'S For the small sum of $2.00 you get Better Fruit one full year. Western Farmer one full year, McCall's Magazine one full year and Good Stories one full year. I If you are a subscriber to any of these Magazines your time will be extended one full year from pres- ent date. Better Fruit is one of the two publications of its kind in the United States, and caters to people who are interested in growing fruit for profit. Better Fruit sells for $1 per year. Western Farmer is one of the old reliable farm papers of the Pacific Northwest, covers all lines of diversified farming and allied interests, and sells for $1.00 per year. The other two Magazines are leading Magazines in their particular line, and can be read with much interest in any family.j This is undoubtedly the greatest combination offer we will ever have and I would advise that you take advantage of it at once, as the price of Magazines is increasing temendously at the present time. This offer may never appear again. Clip'the'Coupon now and mail at once to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Oregonian Building, PORTLAND, OREGON ENCLOSED FIND $2.00-SEND ALL FOUR MAGAZINES ONE FULL YEAR .1 Name P.O .. State R.D Box Street Combination includes Better Fruit 1 year. Western Fanner 1 year, McCall's 1 year. Good Stories 1 year WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT International Motor Trucks In Every Line of Business INTERNATIONAL Motor Trucks are giving profitable and satisfactory service for the fruit grower, farmer, dairyman, retailer, wholesaler, dray- man, manufacturer, oil dealer, in fact, for practically every line of business where there is hauling or delivery work to be done. Convincing proof of their sturdy construc- tion is found in their steadiness in opera- tion, and the long period of time they con- tinue on the job without lowering their high standard of efficiency. Neither the condition of the roads nor the harshness of the weather affects the quality of the service given. It is this dependability that is appealing so strongly to farming and fruit growing communities. Prices of farm products depend upon marketing facilities. Internationals carry capacity loads over the roughest roads, saving time and money. There is an International truck for every business. Built in %,1, \}4 and 2-ton sizes, you can equip yourself with the means of improving your hauling and delivery meth- ods. Back of every part entering into its construction is the purpose to build a high- grade hauling unit that will stand years of hard wear. The International engine, of the heavy duty type, provides ample power for all emergencies. Nearby is a dealer, a branch house or ser- vice station where you can get full particu- lars regarding International Motor Trucks, or an inquiry to the nearest address below will bring a prompt response. International Harvester Company of America (INCORPORATED) Billings, Montana Crawford, Nebraska Denver, Colorado Helena, Montana Los Angeles, California Portland, Oregon Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, California Spokane, Washington WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT THE WORLD- OUR ORCHARD ^^^ OUR OKtHHKU Nm 5rEiNii4iH5r & Kelly I NEW YORK I , bnouE3Ti?Mflbiy the in THE D)I5TRIBUTI'^ Q /\ R P L t J AND OTHER.FR.V/ITJ OUR MARKET- THE WORLD "^^■llr II WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FROIT ;^^Y 9 1S20 BETTER FRUIT Volume XIY AUGUST, 1919 XUMBER 2 FRENCH PETITE PRUNES. Gro^n in large quantities in Oregon ana Wasnington, but not so extensively as tlie Italian variety. California is tKe greatest producer of FrcncK Petites. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHIXa COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the Uiiitefl Stales; Caiiiida $1.25; Forciirn. IncIiidiiiL:- i'.;e. .fl..")0. Riiiijlc Copy 20 Cents -i*— CiVKlik Turns in little more than its own length The Cletrac is being more extensively used for orchard work than any other tractor because of its small size, short turnmg radms, sturdy construction and economical operation. And because of its distinctive tank- type construction it is particularly vv^ell adapted for vv^ork on hills and over loose, soft soil. It operates on a surprisingly small amount of kerosene, distillate or gasoline, yet gives you all the power you need. It steers by the power of its own engine. It will turn completely around, with an implement, in little more than its own length. Its unusually small size, 50 inches wide, 52 inches high and 96 inches long, enables it to drive easily under low hang- ing branches and between trees making it ideal for practically any kind of orchard work. Write for our illustrated booklet "Se- lecting Your Tractor" and the name of the nearest Cleveland dealer. Cletrac TANK'TYI^E TRACTOR Formerly known as the "Cleveland" tractor "rt^ Cleveland Tractor Co. The largest producers of Tanl^-Type tractors in the Worla 19145 EUCLID AVENUE CLEVELAND, OHIO WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, 1919 BETTER FRUIT Page I The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incarporatad WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND. OREGON 4 SULPHUR It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that If you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they w/lll not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, Fleur de Soufre, packed in double sacks, are the nUtt'nnaffIS fluffiest and PUREST tlltl [(.UnU*! sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vine- yards; the best for bleaching pu rposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphul^lmpalpabU Powder. 100% pure, In double sacks, for Drv Dusting and making Paste — (Atomic Sulphur). „,...„.,,, For UIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can furnish you this sulphur at such a low price that It would pay you to mix your own solution and net you a profit eaual to the amount paid out for labor In spraying your orchard, even If you pay your men $4 per day lor making the solution and applying samo. . ,„ , . ,,. To create additional available plant food, dril Into the soil 100 to 41)0 pounds per acre DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR. 100% pure. This has Increased various crops up to 500%. . ,^„...„ ^ Also PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS. To- bacco Dust, Dry Bordeaux. Dusting Sulphur Mixtures, etc. And "Anchor" Brand Standard LIME-SULPHUR SO- LUTION 33° BE., Sulphur Paste, etc. Fungicides and Insecticides. , j . j Carried In stock and mixed to order. San Francisco Sulphur Co. 624 Califoniia St San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipments. Send for "ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET"; also booklet "NEW USES FOR SULPHUR," Price-list, and Samples. Pleass state (or what purpose you use the sulphur, quantity needed, and date of shipment preferred. Tele- phona Kearney 871. Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON THE SELF-OILING WINDMILL has become 80 popular in ita first four years that thousands have been called for to replace, on their old towers, other makes of mills, and to replace, at small cost, the gearing of the earlier Aermotors, malting them self -oil- ing. Itsenclosed motor keeps in the oil and keeps out dust and rain. The Splash Oil- ing System constantly floods every bearing with oil.', venting wear and enabling the mill to pump in the lightest breeze. The oil supply is renewed once a year. Double Gears are used, each carrying half the load. We make Gasoline Engines, Pumps, Tanks, Water Supply Goods and Steel Frame Saws. Write AERMOTOR CO., 2500 Twelfth SL, Chicago Dry Your 0>vn Fruits and Veg'etables Imperative necessity demands nation-wide conservation of those portions of our food crops which have heretofore been permitted to go to waste. A considerable portion of this wasted food material is made up of perishable fruits and vegetables produced in home gar- dens and fruit plots in excess of the imme- diate needs of the producers, and in the ab- sence of accessible markets for the surplus drj-ing offers a simple, convenient and econ- omical method for preserving food material and permits the carrying over of the surplus into periods in which fresh fruits and vege- tables are expensive or unobtainable. Success in drying depends upon the observance of a few fundamental principles, and the quality of the product depends upon the care em- ployed in the selection of the raw material, upon proper preparation for drying and upon careful control of the temperature employed. In every district, no matter what the cli- matic conditions may be, drying by artificial heat has proven to be the most economical, quickest and most sanitary method of drying fruits and vegetables. We are therefore in- troducing our Home Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator. It is recognized by the best authority as being the most practical method of extracting water from fruits and vegeta- bles that has yet been devised, and built especially for use on wood and coal-burning stoves and ranges, with the idea of utilizing their surplus heat. It can also be used on gasoline, kerosene, gas and electric stoves by the aid of a de- flector plate to spread the flame. This may be had at any hardware store by purchasing a piece of 18 or 20 gauge black sheet iron about 16x18 Inches, according to the size or style of stove being used. These are not furnished with the evaporator, as there are so many different kinds and sizes of these ."Stoves on the market that it would be im- possible to make one deflector plate to fit them all. For instance, stoves having a cook- ing surface large enough so it would cover the entire bottom of the evaporator, a deflec- tor plate large enough to cover the imme- diate flame would be sufficient. THE HOME Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator shown above is constructed throughout of Willsville polished blued steel except the six trays, which are made of six-mesh galvanized hardware cloth. It is 18x20 inches at the bottom and 12x20 inches at the top and 24 inches high. Shipping weight. 28 pounds. The six galvanized trays, which are % inch deep, comprise a drying surface of approximately 14 square feet. The back Is made sloping for two reasons; first, it can be used on the ordinary kitchen range without interference from the high closet; second, it acts as a deflector of warm air as it arises from the stove, deflecting the currents through the trays, as it ascends, giving a perfect circulation and producing even drying. The large slide drafts at the top and bot- tom permit the control of the amount of warm air and enable the operator to main- tain an even temperature. There Is not a holt or nut in the Home Evaporator, it being held together by five tie rods fitting into pockets on either end: it is hinged on all four corners, and can be folded into a small space in a few seconds by anyone, enabling the housewife to put it away when not in use. By the use of the Home Evaporator a com- plete process of evaporation can be accom- plished in three hours or more, depending upon the article being evaporated. Price $12.50 complete u could not make a better investment at this season— send your order in direct from this advertisement, or if you want additional information Write for FREE: BOOR ••Best MetHods of Drying *» This book has been prepared by experts. It tells: "The Possibilities and Limitation nrying"-"The Fundamental Principles of Drying"— "Preparing Fruits and Vegetables Drying" It tells how best to dry apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, prunes, tierries, potatoes, turnips, pumpkin, tomatoes, sweet corn, beans, etc. Write today for valuable book. OUTWEST SUPPLY CO. PORTLAND, OREGON 3 of for figs, thia WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME.NTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT .UlflUSt. IQIQ SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH Qc CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS Qc CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal Board of Trade Building, Boston. OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco LosAngeles Portland Soattlo J.C.Pearson Co.jnc. Sole Manufactarers 63 Pearl Street Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A R S o NAILS rT^AIOMV In buying Is getting the V^Ui^V^iTXA best value for the money, not always In getting the lowest prices. PEAESON prices are right. DHESIVENESS % lL°'tt"^re^a"s^n for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. 1?T T A TiTT TTV behind the goods la rjl-ilA-DAlJlX X added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. A T'TCT? A r^TTr4"\r is assured by our AllOriVVjlll^il long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction, T?Tr"T'\r AT TTV plus experience al- AVlvIi-1-^ •f*^*-'* ■■■ ■•■ ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is. to Boraetime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime uoa play safe. A I L LOOK HERE ARE YOU SATISFIED with your present selling service? IF NOT try us and learn what an up-to-date selling organiza- tion can do for you. CABLE OR WRITE US NOW for market prospect?, terms, etc. Reasonable advances made against shipments of APPLES PEARS ORANGES YOU want the best market in Britain. WE have it. McCAIG&WEBB Fruit Brokers, GLASGOW Head Office, GLASGOW Cabies-MacWebb, Glasgow A. B. C. 5th Edition— Marconi International ALSO RECEIVERS AT London — Liverpool — Hull BE:F0RB uilng Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. ft L Co.'s Cement Coated Nails WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON — C. I. Lewis. Hortitniltunst. Corvallls. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist: O. M. Morris, Horticulturist; W. S. Thomber. Horticul- turist. I*ullmaD. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— E, P. Taylor. Horticulturist, Tucson. WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. BaU. Director and Entomologist, Madison. MONTANA— O. B. IrMiIpple. Horticulturist. Bozeman, CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist. Berke- ley: W. H. Volcli. Entomolofrist. Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist. RlTcrside. INDIANA— H. S. Jaclison. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada $1.25; Foreign, including postage, $1.50. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofllce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. "N^OLUME XIV Portland, Oregon, August 1, 1919 Number 2 Harvesting and Preparing Prunes for Evaporation By C. I. Lewis, F. R. Brown and A. F. Barss, of the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station, Division of Horticulture. DLRLNG the summer of 1911 the Division of Horticulture con- ducted a prune survey of the state. Tliis survey covered nine coun- ties and involved a study of seven hundred prune orcliards. It revealed the fact that there was a great varia- tion in the methods and types of build- ings used in the evaporation of prunes. Since 1911 very little progress has been made in standardizing prunes. The only standard used in the state at the present time for prunes is that of weight, which is based upon the num- ber of prunes to the pound. The Cal- ifornia prune growers, wide awake to the needs of the hour, are making efforts to improve the products which they offer the world's markets. We of the Northwest should do much more than we have done in the past along these lines. What do we mean by standardizing the prune? Simply adopting a degree of excel- lence which it must attain in order to be marketable. This will mean that the methods employed will in all cases be essentially alike. Prune growers should study . very carefully the cost of producing and evaporating prunes and should con- duct their business as economically as is advisable for the production of a high-grade product. Frequently, for over a period of five years, fruit will produce unusually high profits. Ai such times growers become extrava- gant, careless in their methoils, and are not ready to meet periods of de- pression or lower prices. Harvesting. In order to have a high-grade evap- orated product, it is essential that the fresh product also be of a higli grade. It is impossible to take inferior prunes and so evaporate them as to make a first-chiss product. Much of the qual- ity of the product, therefore, will de- pend upon the time of harvesting and the methods employed. Too many growers have formed the habit of al- lowing many pickers to shake the trees; or of sending some unusuall.\ strong man, no matter how careless he may be, through the orchard to do the shaking. This practice results in the harvesting of a large amount of unripe fruit. Shaking. There seems to be no common prac- tice followed among all growers in harvesting. Some refrain entirely from shaking until the last picking with the idea of harvesting only the ripe fruit. Whiie there is much merit in this sys- tem, it has the drawback of allowing a considerable amount of fruit to be- come overripe. The tendency seems to be to pick the smaller plantings more frequently than the larger ones. This is due to the impossibility at times of getting over large areas fre- quently. The most common practice followed is that of three pickings, shaking the trees for the last two. It must be borne in mind, however, that the fin- est prunes are secured where it is pos- sible to pick the fruit frequently. In this way one is more likely to secure only ripe fruit. Our survey showed us that the average time of maturity for Italian prunes over a period of years in the Willamette Valley was Illustration showing 44year-oId prune orchard in the Willamette Valley. Oregon, which is still bearing a good crop. High-headed type of tree. from September 10 to October 5. In recent years, however, there has been a tendency on the part of a large num- ber of growers to start the harvesting unusually early, generally from the first to the sixth of September, or about ten days in advance of the nor- mal season. This tendency has been brought about by the feeling that the early harvesting might mean less dam- age from rains later in the season. This early harvesting, however, has necesitated a great deal of shaking. While we do not reconmiend doing away with shaking entirely, we do ad- vocate delaying the season to the point where a very gentle shake before each picking will supply plenty of fruit. If growers organize their work so as to pick frequently, and there is during the period a moderate amount of wind, practically no shaking will be needed until late in the season. Picking Too Early. The season of 1912 should have taught many growers an important les- son. The harvesting that year was started early and at the end of the season after most of the growers had resorted to very vigorous shaking or clubbing, there were still many prunes scattered throughout the trees. A ma- joiity of the pickers had finished their work by September 25, which is 10 days in advance of a normal sea- son. A number of orchards were vis- ited on October 2 and the trees ex- amined for fruit. Not a single prune was found still hanging to the trees, although there were many on the ground, indicating that they could not be shaken off at the last picking, ("learly the crop of 1912 was harvested too early and the loss to the growers of Oregon amounted to thousands of dollars. As fruit matures many chemical changes take place as regards tannin, acids, starches, and sugar. The sugar accumulates very rapidly during the last few days of maturity. Sugar is very desirable in the Italian prune. It means maturity of fruit and heavier fruit, a greater percentage of dried fruit secured from fresh fruit, a short- ening of the evaporation period, and the production of a much more desir- able product. Page 4 BETTER FRUIT August, I pip Low headed type of prune orchard in the producing sect While we did not conduct cliemi- cal analyses on such a scale that we can regard our results as at all con- clusive, nevertheless those we did con- duct indicated that the increase in sugar content was very rapid during the last few days of ripening. From the time the prunes are shaken off until they drop naturally, if not shaken, the increase is 1.6% of their total weight. This increase in weight is practically all sugar and would mean that about 11% of the sugar content has accumulated in that short time. Some studies to determine the differences in specific gravity in prunes in these investigations indi- cated very rapid increase in weight during the last few days before the prunes dropped. The prunes which dropped naturally had a specific grav- ity of .0283 higher than those which were shaken off. During the season of 1913 we used a brine solution of 1.0905 density. With this solution one could very easily separate the prunes which were shaken from the trees from those which dropped naturally. Losses from Premature Picking. Premature harvesting, then, seems to be the greatest cause of loss in the evaporation of prunes. Unfortunately this premature harvesting and great loss has been encouraged by the fact that some packers offer a premium for early delivery. Other growers, fear- ing rainy weather, practice this early harvesting. Weather records, how- ever, show that rain is as likely to occur early in the month as it is later. Often, if harvesting is delayed, the early rains will cease and good weather will prevail during the re- mainder of the season. This was true during the seasons of 1911 and 1914. During the season of 1914 the ma- jority of growers were well under ■way in their harvesting by September 6. In our experimental plots, however, we did not start our picking until Sep- Willamette Valley, Orcgiin, the greatest prune ion in the state. tember 11 and then obtained only 4.22% of the crop in the picking. Re- sults showed that had we waited five or ten days longer we should have gained more, as that portion of the orchard on wliich picking was begun September 11 was not completely har- vested until September 20. During the year 1913 we were able to secure some observations in a twenty-acre Italian prune orchard where the owner was harvesting his crop rather early. By harvesting the fruit from a few trees after they drop- ped naturally, as compared with fruit he was shaking vigorously from the trees, we were able to get a good index of his loss in weight. Using the weight of the dried fruit as a basis, we found that he lost 6% of the total weight of his crop by harvesting too early. In addition to this, the immature prunes dried away more than the ripe ones. This resulted in an additional loss of 6% of his crop, making a total loss of 12%, or a monetary loss of •fl.").00 a ton due to too early harvest- ing. ICxtensive shaking experiments wliieh we carried on during this same season proved that the prunes which dropi)ed naturally in the fruit har- vesting, dried 3 2-'37o heavier than those shaken off. The gain in weight of the finished product for the season was 6.05%, giving us a total of 9.25%, or !?13.87 a ton. In obtaining these results we as- sumed that the cost of harvesting was the same in both cases. It must be re- membered, however, that it costs from .?1.00 to .$2.00 a ton to shake green fruit from the trees. This would mean that from S3. 00 to .$6.00 for each ton of dried fruit must be added to the cost of harvesting, where shaking is employed. By watching the fruit carefully one can determine the proper time of harvesting. The ideal prune for evaporating is f)ne which is mature, (that is, fully ripe), which drops naturally, is plump and has a golden yellow flesh. If the jjrune is shriveled at the stem, has a fibrous dark-colored flesh, or shows a tendency to become mushy, it will mean that the prune has poor drying qualities. The ideal prune will make a sweet, fine-flavored product, and will give as high as 25 pounds of dried fruit to CO pounds of fresh. Prunes of the second type will give only about 19 pounds of dried fruit to every 60 pounds of fresh, and are dark colored, sour, and tough. Un- doubtedly the question of the produc- tion of prunes, so as to have them mature early and have desirable char- acteristics, is one which needs much study and perhaps extensive experi- mental observations. Sorting the Prunes. A few of the growers sort out all the decayed prunes at the time the fruit is trayed, but a greater number of the growers depend upon the pickers to gather up only good, sound prunes. We have observed both sys- tems, tried out on an extensive scale, from the point of view of economy. For a number of years we have been Prunes as fillers in a walnut orchard in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. August, igip convinced that there is a distinct ad- vantage in having the pickers gather everything, the rotten, undesirable fruit being sorted out before it is trayed. With such a system t'lp'-" is very little poor fruit to bother Im pickers after the first picking, while if this is not done, the decayed fruit is constantly accumulating, thus mak- ing the picking more difficult and disagreeable. With either system, some sorting will need to be done in the evaporator, and it is well to have some one man in the evaporator responsible for all the sorting, in order that more uniform and satisfactory results may be ob- tained. This can perhaps be more economically done by emptying the prunes on endless belts, which carry them past the sorter to the dipping machine. Brown-Rot Infection. There is one very good argument against mixing decayed fruit with sound fruit and that is the danger of infection from brown rot. Most of the rotten prunes are attacked by a fungous disease known as brown rot (Sclerotina fructigena). This disease will spread very rapidly from de- cayed fruit to sound fruit whenever conditions are suitable and often th'^ loss from such sources is very great after the prunes have been delivereM to the evaporator and have been al- lowed to stand around in a warm, moist atmosphere for a considerable length of time. It would be well if there was some system whereby these rotten prunes could be removed from the orchard, and thus prevent them serving as a menace to future crops. Picking Up Prunes. Prunes are picked from the ground and placed in lug boxes which will hold about 60 pounds. The price paid the pickers ranges from 5 to 10 cents a box, depending on the season, crop, etc. From 30 to 40 boxes is con- sidered a fair amount for ten hours work under normal conditions. There are times when many pickers far ex- ceed this average, due to very favor- able conditions. It is desirable after the fruit has been placed in the lug boxes to have it removed to the evapo- rator as soon as possible. Yield of Fruit. The question is often asked as to how many pounds of dried prunes one should expect to the acre. This is an extremely hard question to an- swer. The condition of the fruit (that is, the degree of its maturity, weather conditions, methods of drying, age and vitality of the orchard, etc.), all exert an influence. At the time we made our survey of 700 orchards we found this kind of information very difficult to secure. The range of yields was wide. One might natu- rally expect this, owing to the fact that the orchards differed widely; many of them were very old, while others were just coming into bearing. By chocking up with packers, as well as with growers, we were able to strike a pretty fair average. The maxi- mum yield reported was 8,000 pounds BETTER FRUIT ^"^' ^ of dried fruit to the acre. There small and overripe prunes in order were a large number of reports ex- to avoid sorting. By spreading the ceeding 4,000 pounds an acre. The fruits of the same size on a tray, they minimum yield reported was 500 tend to evaporate in about the same pounds The average yield of the length of time. This would materially bearing orchads was about 2,800 reduce the amount of checking and pounds of dried fruit to the acre. would hasten drying, as it would rc- Prenarlne Fruit for Evaporation. lieve many of the trays sooner It preparing ± nut iorx,vapuiai, would permit, also, at the same time It is very desirable to evaporate the ;^j^«"''^\jP^i„,ti^„ ^^ worthless fruit, fruit as soon as possible after har- ^"^ decayed fruit, which often vesting. Unfortunately, fruit IS sonie- ,"^?, ^^ ^^o, much tray space. By act- times carried to the evaporator and ^a observations 6% of the tray space '^:. '.r- T^-'.^s ™T -r pies™; ^i p- -;;»« »•■ -» »■»- --- in such boxes, will tend to .spread ^S '^ practiced, rapidlv. There is considerable hu- Dipping, midity in the atmosphere around the There seems to be a great differ- prune evaporators and the tempera- ence of opinion among the growers ture will often range from 90 to 115 concerning the question of dipping, degrees. This condition is especially We find that some prunes are dipped favorable for the spread of fungus, in hot lye water, some in boning and the loss from this source at times water, some in cold water, and some is very high. Again, these conditions are dried without even dipping. Yet encourage the fermentation of sugars all these men are able to market their in the fruit; our observations revealed crop at standard prices, a considerable amount of such fer- Where lye is used, the. average mentation. Fermentation always means strength is one pound of lye to from a loss of sugar and a final loss of thirty to fifty gallons of water. The weight in the dried fruit, as well as cost of dipping in lye will vary tre- deterioration in quality. The sooner mendously according to whether the the prunes can be placed in the trays, work is done by hand or by machin- the less danger there is of loss. ery. During our survey we found Grading that, on the whole, machine dipping From observations "we have been ^-'^d ^1 ''rnd^'Zlnl' costing' ml- able to make and from experiments ^^J^V mor'e'" V^^'a modfrf powe'r we have conducted, we are inclined teriaiiy nioie. vv".' ' . . ^. J • c pniire oneration would varv to a cer- the variation in size and ripeness of ™g^°P^[Xt would average about prunes the greater will be the per- ^^m extent, uui """ cmiller evan- centage of dobies. The percentage of one cent a tray. J" ^e smaller evap dobies is also increased by premature orators, where a small tonnage is han harvesting. Under normal conditions died, the regidar drying crew would the percentage of dobies, due to un- be able to do the traying during spare evenness in size, is about 3%, but may time. In such cases the depreciation run as high as 8%. In addition to for each tray would be greater than this, the dipping in lye also seems to jf j^e machine were running to its encourage uneven drying. It would ^^jj capacity. Even then, however, seem wise, therefore, to practice grad- ^j^^ g^^j of traying would probably ing, dividing the prunes into at least ^^ j^^^ ^j^^^^ .^^.jjj^ gj^^ other method, three sizes. While such grading can exprimental work, one man did be done by hand, and is being done dipping by hand, two men spread by hand by many growers, we wish jne ".'PP/^^ ";"'*• , , ', y^ to call attention to the fact that it is the fruit on the trajs ""d two did possible to purchase machines on the some sorting and stacking the trayed market that can be adjusted to peaches, fruit on trucks. The figures in table Table I. Cost of Dipping and Traying »f„«h«^ Cost per Cost per Method poumi ,. J i Oil $.000314 Machine dipped • "-^^o .000770 Hand dipped and spread in water "" 000 156 Additional cost due to liand dipping V V ■':, ii'ix Additional cost of traying hand-dipped prunes per ton of dried »"•'• Cost of Drjring' Per Ton of Dried Fruit Machine dipped *?«'«?, Hand dipped and spread in water ■^"•"° .j gfi Increase in cost of drying due to hand dipping 2 73 Increase in cost of traying due to hand dipping ' $(} 99 Total increase in cost o'^O Received from sale of rotten prunes ' $4 29 Net loss per ton due to hand dipping ^ • prunes, apricots, and even cherries. 1 are of interest concerning the dif- These machines, which can be pur- ference in cost of the two methods, chased at prices ranging from !f50 to With hand dipping there seems to ,?100 have a capacity of from 25 to be a tendency for more decayed truit 50 Ions " to get on the trays than is true with Where prunes are ungraded, the machine dipping. By the hand method general tendency is to overdry the an entire box is handled at a time, Page 6 BETTER FRUIT August, iprp wliile with the m;ichinc :ind endless bell method the prunes are separiitely exposed to view both in the feediii.n trough and as they are carried up into the dipi)int' tank. There is also a tendency not to fill the trays to their entire capacity, the average being only 80 per cent. This would mean that about 20 percent of the trays are in any way injurious to health. From some chemical tests which were made, however, we found that often the rinsing water was as strong in lye as the dipping solution. To overcome this it would be well to have the prunes pass through a second rinsing vat. The ideal way, however, and the one which every prune evaporator Table II. Effect of Iiye in the Sipping Process Wcii/lil Dipped in lye fresh lbs Prunes grown on upland 427 Prunes grown on uplnnd, gi-cen 438 Prunes grown on lowland 490 Prunes from lowland, partly dried on ground 444 Total Average 1799 Dipped in boiling water Prunes grow n on upland 491 Prunes grown on upland, green 439 Prunes grown on lowland 495 Prunes grown on lowland partly dried on ground 266 'eiiihl .Vo lbs. dried Drijing diu fruit per bu. time lbs. lbs. hrs. l.-)l 21.27 36. 110 19.17 38. 109 20. .30 37. i.-,o 20.27 43. 608 20.27 38.5 170 21.46 42. 113 19.60 45. 151 19.27 45.33 99 22.33 43. Total Average . 1691 569 20.66 43.8 either empty or occupied with worth- less fruit. The chief advantage to be gained from the use of lye is the shortening of the time required for evaporation. General practice, as well as our ex- periments, would bear out this idea. This difference at times is consider- able, as shown in Table II. As is readily seen it required 5.3 hours more to dry the unlyed fruit than it did the lyed. The one mis- take made, however, by the strong ad- vocates of lye, is that the shortness of drying time is the main factor con- sidered. Lye-Checking. Dipping the prunes in lye generally means a considerable loss in weight. From experiments we have been able to conduct we have found this loss to be about 2%. Another point which calls for careful study is that not all prunes in any .single lot will be checked by the same strength of solu- tion. Ripe prunes will check more easily than green prunes. It natu- rally follows, therefore, that under the present methods of harvesting, some prunes will be checked more than others, and we shall find that either the ripe prunes will be checked too much, or else the green ones will not be checked at all. This, of course, is another argument in favor of grad- ing. It is interesting to note that those prunes which would normally dry more quickly without the check- ing are the ones always checked. On the other hand, if there were many prunes left unchecked, it would be those that would dry more slowly without checking. Should the lye so- lution be made strong enough to check the green fruit, the riper fruit would be so badly checked that the same relative difference in drying would obtain. On the other hand, lye- checked prunes tend to dry more un- evenly than those dipped for clean.s- ing purposes only. Sanitary Rinsing. Another disadvantage connected with dipping is the question of sani- tation. It is very doubtful if, under any method of dipping, there is suf- ficient accumulation of alkali to be should attempt to adopt, would be to install a water system so that rinsing vats would have a flowing stream of water. Where this cannot be done both the dipping and rinsing vats should be fiequently emptied and thoroughly cleaned. We should all aim to maintain the best sanitation possible. Clean, sweet, wholesome fruit is the f)nly kind which will build up a permanent reputation Boiling Water. Some growers have tried the boil- ing Waaler and claim they cannot se- cure results. We know it is possible, however, to secure splendid results with boiling water, as demonstrated in our own experiments and also by our observations with a number of growers who are turning out a good, first-class product. Investigations have shown that occasionally where men have claimed to use boiling water, they have simply used hot, or even merely warm water. This would not tend to check the fruit as would the boiling water. To those growers who prefer to use lye, we can say that no serious objec- tion can be raised to the practice, if cleanliness is observed and an abund- ance of good rinsing water is always supplied. Peach Picking and Packing for Fancy Trade WHEN picking peaches they should be firm, well matured with a good color, but not soft in the least. Peaches should be picked as soon as they will leave the free without break- ing the stem from the tree or tear the meat of the peach when the stem is pulled out. They should come off good and clean. Care should be ex- ercised in selecting picking utensils as the peach is one of the most perish- able of fruits. Pails and baskets should be lined with burlap or some other soft material. The Colorado Pack. The peach boxes used in Colorado are three sizes, in depth four inches, four and four and one-half inches and five inches; eleven and one-half inches in width and eighteen inches in length, inside measurement. There are three grades of peaches as to size. Some fine Asiiland, Oregon, peaches. extra or 80, fancy or 90, choice or 108, and only one grade as to quality. All peaches should be perfect. The choice grade is the smallest peach wrapped, and is graded in three sizes. By packing a 3x3 pack, the No. 1 size makes six rows across the box, with nine peaches long, making fifty- four peaches to the layer, or one hun- dred and eight to the box. Size 2, with six rows across the box, three rows nine long and three rows eight long will make fifty-one to the layer, or one hundred and two to the box. Size 3, with six rows across the box, eight long will make forty-eight to the laye; or ninety-six to the box. The fancy grade is packed the same as the choice, except the rows contain less peaches. This grade is in two sizes. Size 1, with six rows, three rows eight long, and three rows seven long, makes forty-five to the layer, or ninety to the box. Size 2, with six rows seven long, makes forty-two to the layer, or eighty-four to the box. The extra grade runs from forty to seventy-eight peaches to the box and are packed the same as the choice and fancy, except the very large ones, and these are packed a 3x2 pack, with five rows across the box instead of six. There are nine packs of this grade: One, six rows, three seven long and three rows six long, thirty- nine to the layer, or seventy-eight; two, six rows, three rows six long and three rows six long, thirty-six to the layer, or seventy-two; three, six rows, three rows six long and three rows five long, thirty-three to the layer, or sixty-six; four, six rows, three rows five long and three rows five long, thirty to the layer, or sixty; five, five rows, three rows six long and three rows five long, thirty to the layer, or sixty; six, five rows, two rows six long and three rows five long, twenty- Continued on page 27. A]igiisf. 1919 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 In some sections of the Northwest Angora goats have been found profitable in orchard districts where there is pasture or where cover crops are grown. The above illustrationshows a small band of goats in one of these districts. Increasing Profits by Diversifying and Raising Stock By R. E. Miller, Director of Agriculture, Idaho Techmcal Institute LABOR is to be one of the largest, if not ttie largest, limiting factor in future successful orcharding. Fruit growers are confronted with the economic utilization of labor as well as the other problems which guar- antee profitable production. Prac- tices which conserve the labor out- lay should, therefore, merit our clos- est consideration. Before the war the questions of orchard culture were largely "settled" but the war, with its food crisis, has upset some of our staid notions and opened up again this "settled" prob- lem. The ideal western orchard be- fore the war was one blanketed witli a dust mulch followed usually in the fall by a green cover crop. The pur- pose of the dust mulch being to con- serve moisture and aerate the soil. Clean cultivation has been called ''cruel cultivation" by Professor Pad- dock, because by this practice the or- ganic matter is readily "burned" out of the soil by the rays of the scorch- ing sun. Unless this organic matter is returned to the soil either by plow- ing under green cover crops or by di- rect application of manure, it is not many years until we are unable to secure anything but a clod mulch. In other words, the texture of the soil depends directly upon the amount of organic matter it contains. But im- portant as this fact is, it is not as im- portant as the fact that all plant food in the soil is made availabe for i)]ant use through the action of soil bacteria. Decaying organic matter is the food of these bacteria and when it is de- ficient in the soil as a result of being "burned" out by the rot rays of the sun, these bacteria cannot exist in numbers large enough to prepare suf- ficient plant food to provide for a normal growth of the trees. The re- sult eventually is a decreased fruit yield. In localities of limited rainfall or available moisture, during the growing season, this form of orchard culture will undoubtedly prove not only the best practice but the only feasible practice that could be fol- lowed with any degree of success. Many orchards are located in irri- gated sections or localities having an abundant rainfall, and the available moisture during the growing season is not the limiting factor. Orchards so located should consider the prob- lem of decreased labor outlay and in- creased profits as a result of more diversified orcharding. The kind of diversification in orch- arding to be used is necessarily a local and individual problem, but, generally speaking, there are three way of accomplishing the desired re- sult. 1. Growing non-leguminous inter- crops. 2. Growing various types of fruit harvested at different periods. 3. Raising live stock on legume cover-crops. While intercrops of various kinds, ranging from vegetables to grains, have proven profitable in young orch- ards, the question of continued fer- tility must be considered in mature orchards. In addition to this, the labor outlay is usually materially in- creased and the market must be very favorable if the profits are to con- tinue. The growing of various types of fruit harvested at different periods of- fers one of the best forms of diversi- fication for the fruit grower; since, by this system, the overhead expense can be distributed over an extended period and cash incomes are received at different periods of the year. Pick- ing and packing may be accomplished by a smaller crew. Diversification by combinations of fruit culture, such as strawberries, bush fruits, cherries, peaches, plums, pears and apples adapted to the locality will do much to eliminate the possibility of lean years. The maintenance of an acre- age which guarantees economical pro- duction is naturally a problem that enters here. It has long been recognized that a permanent system of agriculture must rest on livestock and this fact should lend weight to the practicability of raising live stock in connection with orcharding. The pasturing of legume cover crops has proven more profit- able than cutting them for hay. The experience of Mr. E. A. Gammon, of Hood, California, is interesting in this connection. Mr. Gammon's 80-acre irrigated pear orchard was planted in the fall to vetch and .lapanese clover. In the spring fifteen sows were turned in the orchard to pasture and later a band of Hampshire sheep. The orchard was pastured throughout the Continued on page 32. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT August, ipip The Use of Powder in Blasting Orchard Tree Holes BLASTING out tree holes in wliicli to set an orchard is becoming more prevalent. Experiments in planting fruit ti'ees in ground that had been blasted or spade-dug have shown remarkable results in t'avor of the for- mer way of setting fruit trees, par- ticularly in ground where the soil was very hard. The use of blasting powder in planting an orchard is not new. In 1910 the DuPont Powder Company be- gan to promote the use of explosives in plantir.g new orchards and in re- juvenating old ones. The idea, how- ever, was not original with this com- pany. Nearly a quarter of a century ago, near I.aMcsa, Cat., ground was blasted for apple three planting, because or- chardists found the work of planting with a spade in the hard soil in that section too difficult. The experiment proved a success. The trees thrived and bore exceptional crops of apples for many years. Later other orch- ardists and farmers in different sec- tions of the country used the same method in preparing a home for tree roots and there are records of such plantings, from eleven to twenty years ago before the idea began to spread. After the idea began to be known extensively throughout the country, many farmers and orchardists tried the new plan on a small scale, and now because of the great success at- tained in planting orchards in this way, thousands of fruit trees are being planted annually in blasted ground. Many of America's leading orchardists and nurserymen now plant exclusively in this way. In fact, blasting is said by experts in the matter to always produce the best results except in soil that is naturally loose and sandy to a depth of several feet. In such soil, blasting is not advantageous except for the elimination of fungus and nematoid troubles. What Blasting in Orchards Accomplishes. L It mellows the ground to a depth of five or six feet and throughout a circular area ten to twenty feet in diameter, making it easy to dig the hole and plant the tree correctly. 2. It creates a porous, water-ab- sorbing condition in the subsoil that makes the tree drouth-proof, stopping the big, first year loss, and invigorates growth. 3. It makes root growdh easy and makes tons per acre of new plant food available, hence speeds up the growth of the tree and makes it fruit earlier. 4. It creates drainage and prevents stagnation of water on surface. 5. In old orchards that were planted by the old methods and have ceased to bear well, it is of great value in rejuvenating the old trees, causing them to yield heavily. G. It destroys fungus, nematode, and other orchard soil diseases, hence makes it possible to plant new orch- ards where old ones have been re- moved without waiting several years to rest the land and get rid of the dis- eases. In studying comparative costs of planting fruit trees, the investigator is confronted with widely varying fig- ures and methods. There seems to be no machine for planting fruit trees such as a corn drill, but the method of some planters approximates the work of a machine in speed, if not in effici- ency. They lay off the site of the proposed orchard in 20-ft. to 40-ft. checks, depending on the kind of trees to be planted. Cross furrows are plowed through the field, marking it off in squares. One man drives along a furrow with a wagon-load of trees, another lays a tree near each of the furrow inter- sections, and a third stands the tree in Six-year-old tree planted in a blasted hole. can plant it only once, and its health and growth, the age at which it begins to bear, and the quantity and quality of fruit borne, depend chiefly on the care and thoroughness used in plant- ing it." Up to a few years ago, the method follow-ed by most good orchardists was to dig a hole seldom more than two feet in diameter and 18 inches deep, then plant the tree in top soil or a mixture of top soil and subsoil. Un- der this system the loss the first year ran from 25 percent to 50 percent, depending on soil and weather condi- tions. Then tree planting with explo- sives was taken up by a few orchard- ists who realized the shortcomings of A Fig. 1. BCD Different types of hardpan encountered in the orchard. the intersections, kicks some soil over the roots, tramps it down, and moves on to the next intersection. This method expresses a touching confi- dence in nature, but results indicate such confidence is misplaced. A tree that survives such treatment must have as many lives as the pro- verbial cat, and if it lives, how many years must elapse before it bears any fruit? What grade of fruit can be ex- pected from a tree aged and bent with the fight for existence before it saves strength enough to bear at all? Going to the other extreme we find a horticulturist advising: "Forget you are about to plant a tree and imagine you are going to bury a horse, and dig a hole accordingly. Remember you the ordinary methods, and the neces- sity of cutting down first year losses, and speeding fruition. The first objections to the new method were largely financial. The cost of explosives, blasting cap, fuse and labor ran from 8c to 15c per hole, whereas trees could be planted with a spade for 3c to 5c per hole. The trouble with this comparison is that the work performed is not the same, hence costs should not be compared. The question involved is, how soon does the planter want a return from his investment and how large a re- turn? The only way to compare costs is to consider the profit sought and which is the cheaper way to get it. Continued on page 28. Six-year-old tree planted in a spade-dug hole. Fig. 2. Punch for making the bore holes. This is driven in with a heavy hammer. August, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 9 The Regeneration of the Prune— A Prediction Fulfilled [Editor's Note. — The article printed be- low was written for Better Fruit by Mr. H. S. Gile of Salem, Ore., and published ten years ago. It is interesting to note that the pre- dictions of Mr. Gile, who has always been a firm supporter of the superiority of the Oregon prune and the future market for it, have come true. The production of Oregon prunes in 1918 reached nearly 60,000,000 pounds and it is believed if it were doubled this year there would be a demand at profit- able prices that would absorb it all. While land values in the district mentioned in this article have become higher, there is said to be an opportunity to still purchase good prune land at §100 an acre and even less than this figure, in the Willamette valley. Prices for bearing orchards are considered conservative considering their income producing power at the present time. In this section as in others the motor truck has lessened the handicap of distance from shipping points. Although there has been a marked improvement in the con- struction and operation of evaporation plants, the cost of labor and materials have increased. But, comparing income and cost with former years, the grower is receiving a much greater return. Owing to the scarcity and high cost of labor, cheaper methods of packing fresh prunes have been adopted. This eliminates much of the hand work and consists in using a receptacle called a suit case box in place of the hand packed four basket crates. The suit case box is made with one side open into which the fruit is carefully poured and set- tled solidly into place when the side is nailed on. It is true that the prices of all fruits have appreciated, but considering the low ebb to which the prune had fallen the increase in price and demand for none of them is as great as the prune, with the exception of the loganberry.] APPLES, pears, cherries and wal- nuts have been so much to the front during the past few years that the man who would venture to ad- vocate any other variety of fruit, to say the least, would be very much out of fashion, if indeed, he could expect to receive any attention whatsoever. The writer has been from the very incep- tion of the industry, a firm believer in the Oregon prune, and has never for- saken nor been turned aside by the fabulous tales of wealth in growing and marketing six-dollar apples and ten-dollar pears. That this great Northwest is pe- culiarly adapted to the production of many varieties of fruit is no longer questioned, and experience has clearly shown that certain localities are espe- cially adapted to certain fruits, and still further that cetiain varieties of these special fruits do better in spe- cific localities and at different eleva- By H. S. Gile, Salem, Oregon tions; hence, there is no occasion of rivalry — certainly not for jealousy — because the Hood River district may grow to perfection a certain type of apple, and the Medford district may produce to just as great perfection Comice and Bartlett pears. And while apples, pears and all of the decidu- ous fruits, berries, nuts, etc., are pro- duced in a great abundance and to a more or less perfect degree in the Wil- lamette Valley, it also remains for this great valley to win and to hold the reputation of growing, preparing and selling the finest prunes grown any- where in the wide world. The grow- ing of this fine fruit is still in its in- fancy; we have only touched the fringe of that which will be done in the future, as the real merit of this fruit becomes more widely and gen- erally known. Salem is the most important center for both marketing and growing the Oregon prune. Orchards cover many of the elevations surrounding the city, and especially in the Liherty-Rose- dale district, from four to eight miles south of the city, where tlie countr\ is given over almost entirely to prunr orcharding. Fine land in this district, splendidly adapted to this particular branch of horticulture, can still be had for .$100 per acre and less, according to location. In fact, full bearing orch- ards can be bought for less money than they are actually worth, simply because the owners have not yet awakened to the great future which is surely in store for this industry, and have not yet learned to ask the fabul- ous prices which are being paid for orchards of other varieties of fruit in other districts, and possibly they have scarcely even figured the actual returns upon any fixed acreage valua- tion for their orchards. Western Washington may be classed with the Willamette Valley in the production of a high grade, cured prune, though not able to produce crops so regularly as the higher elevations in the best val- ley districts. Eastern Washington, Idaho and certain sections of Eastern Oregon also grow prunes (Fallenburg plums) which possess less merit for curing, but have fine canning quali- ties in their fresh state and conse- quently are shipped green almost en- tirely. For green shipping the fruit Packing fresh prunes at Toppenish in the Yakima \;tll0(),(l()0. II has an authorized capital of ?.">0,00n,000, and had Its inception in the hands of Crutchfield 4 Wool folk, one of the largest fruit and vege- table hanilling firms in llie ICast. .lames S. Crutchfield is president of it, It. li. Woolfolk vice-president, and Charles J. Brand, former- ly with the Bureau of Markets, is vice-president and geneial manager. Tlie other officers arc Cliester Tyson, of Pennsylvania, production manager; \V. M. .Scott of Virginia, assistant production manager: William H. Baggs, of I'ennsylvania, cliief of disltibution, sales and advertising; II. Iv. Heitman, regional vice- president lor I'lorida; T. II. Peppers, regional vice-president for California; lieginald Par- sons, region.'il vice-president for SVashington. The nniin offices of the eoini)aiiy are located in Pittsburgh. The middle western interests of the firm are in charge of \V. II. ('.lore, wlio is located in Chicago. The company is fi- nancing its operation without the issue of bonds c)r underwriting expense and propftses to list its securities on the Pittsburgh Stock I'^xchangc. Northwest apple growers ha\'e not looked upon the far southern state of (leorgia as the successful producer of large quantities of apples, but such is the case. The new apple producing section is located In Habersham and Haburn counties. One of the orchards in this locality is .'100 acres in extent, 200 acres of wliich are in bearing and last year pro- duced S80,000 wi>rlh of fruit, which paid the stockliolders a dividend of 2.5 per cent. There are 8 10 acres of apples in this district which are coming into l>earing tliis year and 0,000 acres altogether which it is said are suitable foi- fruit. The orchard pi-oject is owned by a coni[)any known as tlie Appalachian Cor- poration, wliich owns a large distributing warehouse in New Orleans and sells its apples st /n the A/ori:huje>^t \A/A5HINGTON And THIRD MEMBCR Federal reserve^ SYSTEM r ' I'M'lilhll llli WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Advices recently received from the Atlan- tic Conference Lines are that apple freight rates on steamers sailing from New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore to Liver- pool, London, Hull, Manchester and Glasgow during the coming season will be 85 cents per box and S3 per barrel for ordinary stowage and SI per box and $3.50 per barrel on re- frigerator stowage. commercial production !)>■ a large margin. The west as a whole produced its laigcst crop or 29,000.000 boxes as compared with 21.309.000 boxes in 191S and 25,089,000 boxes in 1917. production is limited, will ship, it is estimat- I'll, 35 cars. The annual convention of the International Apple Shippers' Association will be held at the Hotel Phister in Milwaukee, Wis., August 12-15. Among other important matters to be taken up it is expected that the question of increased freight rates on fruit will be dis- cussed at length at this meeting. \V. L. Wag- ner, of the firm of G. M. H. Wagner & Sons, is chairman of the committee of arrangements. It is expected that the Northwest will be rep- resented by a good sized delegation. The Vegetable Growers* Association of Am- erica will bold its annual meeting at Detroit, Michigan, September 9 to 12. This organiza- tion is composed of many of the leading vege- table growers of the United States and Can- ada. The attendance usually exceeds five hun- dred and it is expected that this year there will be a larger number than ever before. In the Pacific Northwest the stale of Wash- ington will lead in the production of apples with a crop that is now estimated at 19, .'00 cars as compared to 17,000 cars in 1918. The total apple crop in Oregon for 1919 is esti- mated at 3,930,000 boxes as compared to 2,013,000 boxes in 1918. In Idaho conditions there now indicate that this state will ship 1,000 cars this year or 500 cars in excess of the bumper crop of 1017, giving Idaho the largest apple crop in the history of the state. The crop in Utah is estimated at 175 cars or 80,000 boxes less than the crop of 1918. The estimate for the crop in Montana is about 450 cars, most of which will be shipped from the Bitter Root Valley. The California crop is now expected to be about 3,072,000 boxes as against 3,381,000 boxes in 1918, and the crop in New Mexico is estimated at 600 cars. The Colorado crop is estimated at 3,100 cars. fi:achz:s. A 50 per cent decrease in the commercial peach forecast for New York, Michigan and Ohio during the month of June is the salient feature in the July special peach report for the United States. The heavy drop in the northern peach belt was due to peach leaf curl and brown rot in New York, peach leaf curl in Michigan, and decreased acreage and peach leaf curl in Ohio. Conditions have been generally unfavorable in all three states. Brown rot has caused considerable loss among early varieties in the Middle West, par- ticularly in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The conditions in the Western States continue favorable and almost a full crop is forecasted for the regions west of the Rocky Mountains. California has prospects for a bumper crop. The July report indicates a total crop of 30,082,000 bushels for the United Slates as compared with 20,797,000 bushels last year, or 44.0 per cent increase over the light crop of 1918. FEABS. Report of Apple, Pear and Peach Crops for July AFFIiIIS. A sharp decline in the condition of the New York apple crop during June is the principal feature of the special commercial apple re- port released by the Bureau of Crop Esti- mates on July 9. The condition of the com- mercial apple crop for the United States as a whole now indicates 24,454,000 barrels as compared with 24,584,000 barrels in 1918. New Y'ork state now promises less than one-third of last year's production. The New England states have very good prospects, while the Middle Atlantic regions, including Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, the Virginias, New Jersey and Delaware, have on the whole about 20 per cent less than last year. The Middle West, particularly Missouri, shows an increase over 1918. The very heavy production of boxed apples largely offsets the light crop in New York. Washington will probably lead the states in A heavy pear crop in California and the Pacific West generally, contrasted with poor conditions in such important pear states as New York, Michigan, Illinois, New Jersey and Delaware, is the most important fact brought out in the special commercial pear report. The figures given apply only to that portion of the total crop which moves to market in carload and express shipments or by truck. The total commercial pear pro- duction for the United States is now estimated at 7,691,000 bushels as compared with 7,589,- 000 bushels last year, or 1.3 per cent increase as compared with 1918. A Practical De-Webbing Device. Drive tacks or small nails into a large spool or block of wood. Mount same on end of long bamboo or other pole— the longer, the better. Thrust into the web and turn slowly. The projecting tacks or nails will engage and '*wind up" the web, which may be scorched, burned or plunged into hot water or crude petroleum. California, which is the greatest pear pro- ducing state in the United States, it is esti- mated will have a crop this year of 4,000,000 bushels as compared to 3,814,000 bushels in 1918. Fifty per cent of this production is usually canned or dried and 50 per cejit shipped fvesh. The Washington crop of pears promises to be in the neighborhood of 1,560,- 000 boxes or 260,000 boxes more than last year, while Oregon is estimated to produce 575,000 boxes or 70,000 boxes in excess of 1918. The shipment from Colorado is expected to be 500 cars, while Utah, where the pear Insect Banquet Costs $500,000,000. The American Forestry Association, through its president, Charles Lathrop Pack, estimates the annual loss from insect pests in the United States to orchard and forest trees as approxi- mately $500,000,000, which does not include losses to foodstuffs from ro- dents, in field and storage, or from de- structive plant diseases. -^ry- f^ jur r^ ^f^iinlt*^ equipped with pneumatic tires assures you the dehvery of your fruit in the best possible condition as well as speeding up your work. »M to 5 ton Seattle Yakima Eldridge | Buick | Company Spokane Walla Walla WntlN WRITING ADVERTISERS MIINTIDN HETTKR FRUJT Page i6 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Miigazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Kruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly liy Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building POllTLAND, ORKGON Capitalizing the Fruit Industry The tendency of several large organ- izations which have been organized more or less recently to enter the fruit industry seems to be toward capitali- zation and cutting out the middle, or commission man. The American Fruit Growers' Inc., a .'FIOO.OOO.OOO corpora- tion, which has already acquired §3,- 500,000 worth of orchard property and has options on other large hold- ings, and the Appalachian Corpora- tion, a company owning orchards in Georgia and Missouri and operating a large warehouse in New Orleans, an- nounce that they are adopting a course to reach the consumer in as direct a manner as possible — that is, that they will sell to the wholesaler and the re- tailer, but not to the commission man. The big Southern corporation seems to be doing business on a straight-out producing and sales basis, as it makes no announcement of stock for sale or the listing of its securities on the open market. The prospectus of the Ameri- can Fruit Growers' Inc., which states that its securities will be listed on the stock exchange, smacks slightly of equivocal benevolence toward the con- sumer and the producer. One of the reasons that it gives for the formation of its organization is that it fears that the consumer will have to pay ex- tremely high prices for fruit products during the next five years, owing to lessened production on account of ex- cess profit taxes, and that it is taking a course that it believes will stabilize the market. AVhile the course adopted by this organization may have this tendency, this result can only be determined by its future operations. If these result in making a fair price to both pro- ducer and consumer the American Fruit Growers' Inc. will, indeed, have served a great purpose in the fruit industry. Perhaps it would have inspired greater confidence in the minds of the public, however, if this big company had stated that there never was a time in the history of the fruit industry when the opportunity was so great to capitalize it on a big scale and secure so great a reward. New methods and new practices are making fruit a staple, rather than a perishable prod- uct, and it is on the boards for it to take its place in the marts of trade along with the meats and cereals. The organization of the fruit indus- try by large corporations on a huge scale may benefit the producer an the consumer, but not if it is con- ducted along the lines employed bv many of the big food handling inter- ests which tell the producer what he can get for his products and the con- sumer what he must pay for them. BETTER FRUIT The culling out of the middleman both in Iheory and practice is correct. But if neillier producer or consumer gets the hencfit of this cutting. oul i)rocess "whal dolh it benefit us?" As it is apparently the plan of the big companies above iiienlioiicd to grow Iheir own producis, the pro- ducer in this case should not suffer. We will await with interest, therefore, what hapijcns to the consumer. August, Ipip ily of Oregon institutions. It can be safely assumed, therefore, that these inslilutions will be fairly dealt with. A Worthy Object In 1900, and for several years suc- ceeding, the prune industry was at its lowest ebb. A California grower is said to have remarked during this period that the large prunes were more useful than the small ones, as they could be thrown straighler at offend- ing cats and dogs than the small ones. The history of the prune industry in California is identical with that of Oregon. This condition in the prune industry is ascribed to the maniupla- tion of the prune operators in Cali- fornia and the lack of distribution and creation of demand. The later regen- eration of the prune with its attendant prosperity to growers is credited to the organization of the California Prune and Apricot Growers' Associa- tion, which controlled the tonnage, advertised, created the luarket and set the price at what it considered a fair return to the grower. Next to the citrus fruits the prune industry is now California's greatest asset in the fruit business. In Oregon it is the greatest asset in the state's entire fruit industry. Oregon growers are now endeavor- ing to do for Oregon prunes and other fruits what California growers did for California — to stabilize the industry, to ship Oregon fruits under an Oregon brand and to bring prosperity to the growers and the state in general. This, in brief, is the whole story of the object of the Oregon Gro\vers' Co-operalive Asociation. And its a good story and a worthy object. Protecting Oregon Investments The fear that the large aiuount of capital already invested in Oregon fruit canning and by-products, plants will be jeopardized by the operations of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association is groundless. The pri- mary object of the association is to obtain a fair price for the members of the organization for their fruit products in the various districts. If this is accomplished by selling to man ufacturing concerns or other fruit handlers that are already in the busi- ness, it will probably not be the policy of the association to enter into manu- facturing competition where the re- turn to the grower is satisfactory. Where no plants are established it is the intention of the organization to erect them. The officers and organization coiu- mittee of the association are Oregon business men as well as fruit growers. The membership of the association is coiuposed of Oregon citizens inter- ested in the development and prosper- Editorial Comment Wliich would you rather he: John I). Rockefeller or a loganberry grower? Apple prices are soaring and so are freight rates. Don't take it all, rail- road men. The fruit grower who adopts the latest labor-saving appliances these days will accumulate the biggest bank roll. Jack Frost must be feeling badly. He, no doubt, tried hard, but he couldn't get the Idaho apple crop this year. It's a bumper. While the "coming hiifV" of the Ore- gon prune provides H. S. Gile with the opportunity of saying "I told you so," still we are all glad to hear it. Elbert Hubbard said that fruit was nature's handmaiden in creating op- timism. If this is true, it should be on every table in every household. The apple growers of Washington are .spending $500,000 to advertise their fruit this year. That's why the Wash- ingtonians are always forging ahead. They are never afraid to spend a dol- lar to get two back. The California State Horticultural Commission is a live institution. Noth- ing is too big or too small for it to tackle, and it makes a success of it. The liberal appropriations it is al- lowed, however, are a big help. Cranberry culture is assuming an important place in the fruit industry of the Northwest, and the most salient feature of this fact is that the Pacific Coast berry is a superior product to that grown in other districts. The expansion of the fruitgrowing industry of the Northwest is now only a matter of securing nursery stock. It is estimated that the United States is short several millions of trees to sup- ply the normal demand for fruit. The research work of the Experi- ment Station of the Oregon Agricul- tural College is bearing good fruit. In- formation that this institution has ob- tained on pollenization and fertiliza- tion of fruit trees alone is proving of incalculable value to the fruit grower. The fruit grower, like the farmer in other branches, doesn't take kindly to the daylight saving "bunk." He can't see why the golf and tennis play- ers, the twilight baseball leagues an, the fellows that don't have to get up until noon should run the country. Neither do we. The silver tongued orators are not all in Congress. When it comes to en- thralling a group of fruit growers, Prof. C. I. Lewis, organization man- ager of the Oregon Growers' Co-opera- tive Association, is some Wm. J. Bryan hiiuself — and he gives them something worth listening to. August, IQIQ BETTER FRUIT Pacific Coast Cranberry Industry Growing AT a meeting of the Pacific Cran- berry Exchange recently held in Portland it was stated that the Pacific Coast cranberry industry is becoming such an important factor in the fruit industry of the Northwest that it is necessary for the growers to form a more compact organization. To obtain this result it was decided to incorpo- rate and an organization committee consisting of C. E. Griffith, of Port- land, Ore.; W. F. Schimpf, of Astoria, Ore., and L. W. Paul, of Ilwaco, Wash., were appointed to take the prelimi- nary steps in the matter. The growers belonging to the Pacific Cranberry Ex- change are located in Clatsop County, Oregon, and the southwest counties of Washington. It is estimated that there are now 1000 acres of cranberries under the control of the exchange. Among the matters discussed at the meeting were a better and more attrac- tive pack, better marketing facilities, wider distribution, and more exten- sive advertising. The importance of the market for by-products from cran- berries was also gone into and it was shown that in some instances there was a greater profit in using the ber- ries for this purpose than in selling them fresh. As an instance it was shown that the juice sold readily at $1.25 per gallon and that a band of berries would produce from 12 to 12% gallons. Many other profitable uses for the by-products from cranberries were also cited. An attractive and unique box label with the color scheme worked out in the national colors of red, white and blue, and bearing the slogan "Eat No Better Cranberries, and Know Cran- berries Better," was adopted by the exchange to be placed on its ship- ments. One of the most interesting points brought out at the meeting was the fact that there was no truth in the statement that the Pacific Coast ber- ries do not keep as well as the East- ern berries. It was shown conclu- sively that with proper care that the Pacific Coast fruit could be kept until late in the summer and that an analysis made by an expert proved that the latter required 30 per cent less sugar for canning purposes than the Eastern berry. This fact is looked upon by coast cranberry growers as a big advantage over the Eastern grown fruit and will be used to educate con- sumers as to the greater value to them of the western berry for canning and jelly purposes. While no estimates are available for the entire crop from the Oregon- Washington cranberry growing dis- trict this year the crop in the South- west Washington peninsula section in 1917 was 3500 barrels and in 1918 15,000 barrels. One grower from a little less than one acre in this section last year harvested 206 barrels. Two hundred and fifty additional acres were set to cranberries in the Grays Harbor district this year. A much greater development of this industry is expected in the near fu- ture when coast consumers of fruit become alive to the various uses to which the cranberry can be put and when they also become aware of the superiority of the western grown berry. CleaningUpthe Loganberry Yard As soon as the crop is picked or shortly afterward the loganberry yard should be cleaned up to insure the best results in fruit the following year. The old canes should be pruned out and a careful search made for an- thracnose. This disease affects the canes, leaves and fruit, and if ne- glected will ruin the patch. The dis- ease can be detected on the stems by Page II spots having a pale center with irregu lar brown or black margins and vary- ing in size and color. These spots on the leaves have a pale center with broad reddish or purple borders. If the fruit is attacked it dries up when about half grown. The vines, in the last stages of the disease send out a great many canes that fail to bear fruit. To control anthracnose the old vines should be pruned out just as soon as the crop is off, for the new growth will be infected if they are left until spring. All diseased vines should be burned. In February the plants should sprayed with lime-sulphur or Bor- deaux, and six weeks later with the same mixture. Care should be exer- cised in using Bordeaux, as it is in- clined to burn the foliage. These sprays should be applied as follows: Dormant, liquid lime-sulphur, two and one-half gallons to 50 gallons of water; soluble sulphur 10 pounds to 50, Bor- deaux 4-4-50. Summer, lime-sulphur one and one-half gallons to 50; soluble sulphur, one pound to 50; Bordeaux, 4-4-50. Well cared for and properly sprayed loganberry plants will last and bear much longer than the unsprayed plants and at present and prospective prices for these berries, growers can well afford to give them the best of care. In cleaning up the yard this year it will be well for the grower to remember that there will be a strong demand at good prices for new plants and that the vines should be pruned with a view to saving all the healthy tips possible. Shortage of Nursery Stock Serious Nursery stock for new plantings will be very short this year according to fifty members of the Pacific Coast Nurserymen's Association represent- ing most of the states in the Pacific Northwest, who recently attended the annual meeting of (he organization in Chemically Treated the Point "Caro'' Protects "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escapine juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is wjrth shipping it is worth keeping m best condition. Demand "CARO"-Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO" The Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco FRUIT WRAPPER WHEN WRITIMC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page i8 Portland. Some varieties of stock, such as apricots, were rlcclared to be almost impossible to obtain while the demand for apple, pear, prune and berry stock was reported to be far greater than the supply. In order to make a more equable distribution of BETTER FRUIT nursery stock it was stated al the meetinf,' that commercial growers phnining a large increase in new acre- a^e wouhl be compelled to cut down Iheir plantings. 'i'he program which was an inter- esting one contained among other top- August, 1919 ics, "The Elimination of Undesirable Varieties," "Higher Retail Prices," and Stock," "Moulding Public Opinion in Ornanicntation," the "Future of the Prune Industry," "PoUenation," and "The Labor Problem." In the discussion on eliminating un- "X f I I International Motor Trucks For Country Road Hauling OF ALL the motor trucks offered for farmers' use, the International should be, and we believe is, the most satisfactory. This Company knows the country — roads, farms, and all. Farmers know our standards of quahty and service. When we offer a motor truck for farmers' use, it is understood that the truck will do the work expected of it at a cost farmers can afford. The International Motor Truck is built for carrying capacity loads on country roads. It gives satisfactory everyday service, the kind that farmers must have. When an emergency comes — a tough piece of road, a steep hill, a rush trip, a bad day — the International has the re- serve power, speed, and endurance to carry it through. Mr. L. C. Henry of Utica, Minn., pur- chased an International Motor Truck to haul his live stock and farm produce to market and to bring return loads from town. He says, "We use the truck for nearly every kind of hauling. It saves more time than any other machine in our farm service." Five of Mr. Henry's neighbors bougtit International Motor Trucks when they learned, from his ex[)erience, what a useful economical farm machine he had. There are four sizes of International Motor Trucks — 1,500, 2,000, 3,IX)0 and 4,000 pounds capacity, with bodies suitable for every kind of hauling. We have a dealer, a branch house, or a service station somewhere near you, where the line can be seen, or we will send full information promptly if you will write us. The Full Line of International Harvester Quality Machines Grain Harvesting Machines Binders Push Binders Headers Rice Binders Harvester-Threshers Reapers Shockers Threshers Tillage Implements Disk Harrows Cultivators Tractor Harrows Spring-Tooth Harrows Peg-Tooth Harrows Orchard Harrows Planting & Seeding Machines Corn Planters Corn Drills Grain Drills Broadcast Seeders Alfalfa & Grass Seed Drills Fertilizer & Lime Sowers Haying Machines Mowers Tedders Side Delivery Rakes Loaders (All Types) Rakes Combination Side Rakes and Tedders Sweet? Rakes Stackers Combination Sweep Rakes and Stackers Baling Presses Bunchers Belt Machines Ensilage Cutters Huskers and Shredders CornShellers Threshers Hay Presses Stone Burr Mills Belt Machines — Cont. Cream Separators Feed Grinders Power Machines Kerosene Engines Gasoline Engines Kerosene Tractors Motor Trucks Motor Cultivators Corn Machines Planters Drills Cultivators Motor Cultivators Binders Pickers Ensilage Cutters Shelters Huskers and Shredders Dairy Equipment Cream Separators (Hand) Cream Separators (Belted) Kerosene Engines Gasoline Engines „ Motor Trucks Other Farm Equipment Manure Spreaders Straw Spreading Attach. Farm Wagons Farm Trucks Stalk Cutters ., ^ . , Knife Grinders Tractor Hitches , ^ . Binder Twine International Harvester Company of America (iDCorporated) Billings, Mont. Crawford, Neb. Denver .Colo Los Angeles, Cal San Francisco, , Helena, Mont, Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Utah Cal. Spokane, Wash. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, I pip BETTER FRUIT Page ip desirable varieties it was decided to leave action on this matter in tlie hands of the individual nurserymen to cull out the varieties they thought were not suited to their districts. Owing to the higher cost of labor and other rising prices it was the con- census of the convention's opinion that it would be necessary to advance prices for nursery stock and an agree- ment to this effect was reached. To bring about a plan for educational work to promote the planting of more ornamental trees it was decided to enlist the cooperation of the commer- cial organizations in the various Northwest states and a committee con- sisting of F. A. Wiggins of Toppenish, E. F. Stephens of Nampa, Idaho, John A. McGee of Orenco, Richard Layritz of Victoria, B. C, C. I. Lewis of Cor- vallis and Bert Miller of Milton, w^as appointed for this purpose. Valuable information was given the members in attendance on the subject of "Pollination," by Prof. C. I. Lewis, horticulturist at the Oregon Agricul- tural College and also in regard to plans for beautifying highways and private grounds by the planting of or- namental trees. C. J. Atwood, of Top- penish, Wash., presided at the meet- ing and C. A. Tonneson, of Burton, Wash., was secretary. It Is unofficially stated that not over one per cent of the projected plant- ings of fruits in the Northwest will be possible this year owing to the short- age of stock on the Pacific Coast and that prices for stock on this account ■will rule high. Offering Higher Prices for Box Apples Apple buyers in the Yakima Valley, Wash., it is reported, are offering higher prices for boxed apples than 30 days ago. Contracts are being made on the basis of orchard run, in- HONOR-BILT FOR EVERY PURPOSE V^P (2)' F. 135 There's one for every home or farm need. MyersSelf-Oiling Electric:!, House Pump shown here, ^YERSj and ot her MyersHand and Power f^/MPsj^ll^'ws^ Pumps for home water systems. Euau." """ give running water in kitchen, bath room, laundry, and in barn or troughs. Myers dealers are everywhere.They handle Myers** Hay Tools. Door Hangers and U i Hand and PowerSprayOutfits I] tuo. Ask yours today or write^^^ for catalog, it's FREE. E. MYERS & BRO. Fourth St. Aihland, ■ I id, O^lj Northwest Distributors Portland, Ore. BE A LEADER ",1 wiif and great Itadtr hfti flit whole communily and may tifl on entire nation —Ely An immense problem in reconstruction confronts the present generation. Are you doing your utmost to prepare to lead in its solution? Oregon Agricultural College Trains for leadership in the industries and professiona as follows : HOME ECONOMICS. AGRICULTURE. COMMERCE. FORESTRY. PHARMACY. MUSIC. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. CIVIL ENGINEERING. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MINING ENGINEERING. LOGGING ENGINEERING. MILITARY SCIENCE. The College training includes courses in English. Economics. Art. Mathematics. Modern Languages, Physical Education. Industrial Journalism, Natural Sciences, and all essentials of an education. Three regular terms— Fall term begins September 22, 1919 For College Catalog. Illustrated Booklet and other information address THE REGISTRAR. Oregon Agricultural College. Corvallis ^ My WADE Sms Four Cordi an Hour "The Wade is certainly the farmer's friend. I have cut 1600 cords of yellow fir wood with it, and U's as good as the day I bought it." — Dan Ross, Corhett, Oregon. Why break your back sawing wood by hand, when the power- ful little Wade Portable Gasoline Drag Saw will outsam JO men at one-tenth theeoet! Lii'ht, simple, economical. Cuts wood of any size. Averages 8 cords ^'^ to a gallon of gasoline. Thousands of Wades now in use. When not K'/N. sawing wood, the 4 h. p. engine will operate other light machinery. l<^i IPrompt ilelWer; on ^^WADES from over Ono I Hundred Shipping Points , Ithroughout the Unitel I I States and Canadi. Wade Portable Gasoline Drag Saw <^^ l^ 397 tChawthorne Ave., portlj»id. or«.i FREE! /Big illustrated Catalog _^ •v of the Wade-also story > / of "How Dan Ross cuts 40 cords a day." Write today Agricultural Lime SHOULD BE APPLIED IN EARLY FALL AND WINTER ORDBR NOW to avoid delay in shipment. Price $2.50 per ton, f. o. b. car at Gold Hill. Minimum order 30 tons. Cash with order. OREGON STATE LIME BOARD, A. B. Cordley, Secretary COFRVA.l_l_IS. OFJEICSOINJ WHEN WRITING ADVEKTlSliRS MENTION BETTER FRllT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT August, 19 1 9 eluding all marketable apples pro- duced by the growers. Prices for the different varieties are reported to be as follows: Rome Beauties, Jonathan and Grimes Golden, $1.75 to $2; Wine- saps, Spitzenbergs and Yellow New- towns, $2 to $2.25; Delicious and Winter Banana, $2.50 to $3. Never before in the history of Yakima Val- ley have contracts for apples been made earlier than August or Sep- tember. M. L. Dean, of the Washington state division of horticulture, is authority for the statement that apple prices are on an exceptionally satisfactory basis from the producing standpoint. "It is astonishing the prices that apple growers are being offered," says Mr. Dean. "The lowest grades of Winter Banana apples are bringing bids of SI. 60 a box, while extra fancy grades have brought bids of $2.90 and for some packs Eastern bidders have gone as high as $3.10. Apples from the Northwest are very much in demand in Eastern markets and Washington farmers are flooded with offers." IMPORTANT TO EXPORTERS OF FRUIT To secure Freight Space and Prompt, Efficient and Reliable Freight Forwarding Service, Write, Wire or Telephone Harry K. Barr THE BARR SHIPPING^COMPANY 23-25 Beaver St., NEW YORK Telephones Broad. 3206-3207-3208 MEMBERS OF New York Produce Exchange New York Maritime Exchange S. S. Freight Brokers' Association BRANCH OFFICES 104'2 Drexel Bldg , Philadelphia 260 California St., San Francisco AGENTS New Orleans, La. Portland, Me. Boston, Mass. Baltimore, Md. Montreal, Can. Apple Exports Our Specialty INFORMATION BUREAU On Statistics, Shipping, Etc., at the disposal of all exporters MEET ME AT THE CONVENTION ziiiniiiiiiiiMniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiHiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiMiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiita WHAT EVERY H OME CANNER SHOULD HAVE i ONE of our H. & A. Hand Power Double Seamers. = It IB the only hand power seamer built that will seal all = sizes of sanitary fruit and vegetable cans. Write for prices = and descriptive matte^ to Department T. S HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO., Portland, Ore. [ Builders 0/ Seamers arid Steam Pressure Canning Outfits s ^iiiiMiMnuMniiiiiiMiiiiiitiiMiiiiMiiiiiiiiMiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iMiiiiii iiiiiiiniiiiiiiMiir Pittsburgh Perfect Cement ^Qg^tgn NSlllS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California According to reports from Top- penish, Wasli., Dick Hart of that place sohi his entire apple and pear crop last week to the Richey-Gilbert Com- pany of Yakima for .$2 a box straight through the orchard. Mr. Hart says he feels that he received a good price for the fruit of his forty acres. C. H. Sproat, of Hood River, re- cently sold his apple crop estimated at 12,000 boxes to Dan Wuille & Co., an English apple exporting firm, for an average of better than $1.75 per box for all grades and varieties. Later sales there, it is reported, were on a basis of 25 cents a box higher than this price. New Cannery Bising at Albany. The Puyallup & Sumner Fruit Grow- ers Canning Company which, early this year, announced that it would commence operations in Oregon now has in the course of construction at Albany the first cannery unit of its contemplated structures. The new building has a floor space of 96x208 feet which is being laid in concrete. It is being constructed of wood in rus- tic design, two stories high, and the boiler room will be 30x30 feet and will house a 125 horsepower boiler. The site for the new cannery is on a three-acre tract acquired by the com- pany between the Willamette River and Water street in East Albany and was selected on account of its ad- jacency to shipping sidings. The can- nery is expected to be completed in time to handle the large tonnage of wild evergreen blackberries in that district this year. Large acreages of the cultivated ber- ries have been contracted for future delivery and it is expected that the berry tonnage in this district in the near future will be a large one, as the alluvial soil in the river valleys there is especially adapted to berry growing. Che/aical Company WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, I pig BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON. MEDFORD \\\\\ have this year the largest and bfst quality pear crop in its his- tory and this fact is said by growers there to "be due to better facilities for irrigation. The Bartletts and D'Anjous are particularly fine and will ripen early. Fruitmen at Med- ford are optimistic in regard to the future of that district and say that from now on it is bound to be very prosperous and to develop rapidlv. Medford will ship between 700 and 800 cars of pears this year and about the same number of cars of apples according to late estimates. The National Fruit Company, organized in Oregon with a capitalization of $50,000, has established its headquarters in Portland. The officers are John F. Sugrue, president; Ken- neth McKay, vice-president and general man- ager, and J. H. Conn, treasurer. Mr. Sugrue was formerly manager of the Cashmere (Wash.) Fruit Growers' Union. Mr. McKay was connected with the Fruit Growers' Ex- change at Hood River and Mr. Conn until re- cently was with the United States Bureau of Markets. The new company will operate in all of the states of the Pacific Northwest, on an f. o. b. basis for eastern dealers. The Rogue River Valley Canning Company which had been in the hands of a receiver for some time, has changed hands, the new owners being S. S. BuUis and E. T. Skewis, who are now operating it. The price paid for the property which is said to have in- cluded 30 acres of tomatoes, was §5,000. H. W. Hoke, former manager for the old com- pany, is in charge of the plant. The Hood River Apple Growers' Association recentlv signed a five year contract with C. W. McCullagh, sales manager of the associa- tion, agreeing to pay him a salary of $8,000 per year. The salary of A. \Y. Stone, execu- tive manager of the association, was increased from §3,000 to $4,000 per year. P. J. O'Gara, formerly plant pathologist at the Medford Experiment station, was a recent visitor in the Rogue River Valley. Mr. O'Gara is now connected with the American Refin- ing and Smelting Company of Salt Lake, Utah. The total number of cars of strawberries shipped from the Hood River district this year was 98. Eighty cars of this total was shipped by the Hood River Apple Growers' Associa- tion and 18 cars by the \V. R. Woolpert Fruit Co. The demand for fresh berries at Hood River this year was so great that canners ex- perienced great difficulty in securing fruit. Prices received ran from $4.50 per crate for the first car to .$3.94 at the end of the season. \r\ average price of $4 per crate was main- tained and is believed to have set a new na- tional record in strawberry marketing. Hood River expects to market between 1,500,000 and 2,000,000 boxes of apples this year — its largest crop. The Mosier and Dufur sections are booked for an apple crop of 350 cars this year while the Milton-Frcewater district is expected to ship 500 cars or twice the number it shipped last year. Oregon is expected to harvest a $40,000,000 prune crop this vear, the largest part of which is grown in the Willamette Valley. The apple production of the Willamette Valley for 1919 is placed at 500 cars, or twice as many as last year. The Bear Creek Orchard, one of the largest commercial orchards in the Rogue River val- ley, is now in the possession of the Rosenberg Brothers, who recently acquired title to it through the settlement of the estate of their father. The orchard comprises 240 acres, two- thirds of which is in apples and the balance in pears. Loganberries have now reached a degree of production in the Grants Pass district where the demand for pickers exceeds the local sup- ply of help and growers arc forced to import pickers from the outside. Although the acre- age in loganberries at Grants Pass is not very extensive as vet as compared to that in the Willamette valley, it is rapidly growing. The fruit tonnage produced in the Salem district is the greatest in Oregon and one of the largest in the Northwest. While prunes lead in the amount of tonnage, loganberries, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackber- ries, walnuts, apples and pears are also pro- duced in very large quantities. In fact, Salem may now claim the distinction of being the Queen City in Oregon fruit production in the state. season the case will be tried and the money awarded to the parties to the suit who win. The case grew out of the fact that a slip is said to have been attached to each grower's contract stating that the company would pay the open market price at the time the berries were delivered. The Hood River Canning Co. was successful in securing a large quantity of cherries dur- ing the season which has just closed. The company made its record day's run, putting up more than 10,000 cans in 24 hours. The price paid for cherries was 8 cents and 104 people were employed during the busy season. In an injunction suit brought by the Kings Products Company, a fruit drying concern of Salem, Oregon, to force loganberry growers to deliver their fruit at a contract price of SVa cents instead of selling it in the open market at a higher price. Presiding .ludge Bingham rendered a novel decision. He ordered the growers to deliver the fruit at the price men- tioned, but directed the drying company to place on deposit with the county clerk the difference between 51/2 cents and 9 cents, the amount that the berries were selling for in the open market. At the close of the berry With headquarters at Roseberg, the Over- land Fruit Company has been organized and will grow and market fruit and otherwise en- gage in the fruit business. The new concern is a stock company. Recent investigations by the Experiment Sta- tion of the Oregon Agricultural College in the big cherry orchards at The Dalles, which have failed to produce, although the trees were found to be in fine condition, are said to show that the shortage of fruit was duo to lack of pollenization. Bings, Royal Annes and Lamberts were planted in solid blocks. On the advice of the experiment station ex- perts it is expected that the condition there will be remedied by topgrafting a number of trees in each orchard to the Waterhouse or some of the other varieties of cherries which will act as pollcnizers. The Dalles district produces cherries second to none in Oregon. MFCCO. Orchard and Packing House Supplies Hardie Fruit Ladders Best practical design. Made of clear well seasoned spruce. Each step trussed. A fruit ladder you can depend on. Portland Picking Bag Made of heavy canvass. Cuts cost of picking. Does NOT tire the picker. A safe receptical for your fruit from tree to lug box. Giard Box J^ailing Form and Stand Enables any one to make accurate boxes with ease and rapidity. A time and labor saver that will interest you. You can cut your "FROM TREE TO BOX" cost by the use of Hardie goods. Our orchard supply circular describes these devices fully. Write for it. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 North Front Street Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT August, igig WASHINGTOir. In an annoiuu-eincnt tn the raspberry grow- ers President W. H. ranllianius of the Sum- ner and Puyalliip (Wash.) Cooperative Can- ning Company told them that the mnnagt'inent had already booked for sale this year 08,000 cases of jam contnining 21 jars each and ex- pects to sell 100.000 eases before the manu- facturing season closes. The amount to be received for this output is estimated at $1,000.- 000. and the growers have authoried the offi- cers of the canning company to spend $70,000 in advertising to make its brand of jam known in the markets of the world. The company put into cold storage $1'>0,000 worth of straw- berries which will be manufactured into jam and asked the growers to furnish twice that amount of raspberries. be shipped from the Walla Walla district, which last year shipped only 130 cars. Half of the Walla Walla shipment will be Rome Beauties. Prospects are that Grant County will double up on its apple crop this year according to Horticultural Inspector Darlington, who says that it ought to ship 400 cars as against 200 cais last year. 'em three times a day and got up in the night for an extra meal." Wenatchee Valley is said to have suffered many thousands of dollars worth of damage this year owing to the fact that the railroads failed to supply sufficient cars during the cherry shipping season. According to the latest estimates, Wenatchee will be the banner district in the production of apples in the state of Washington this year. The crop at Wenatchee now promises to be 9,400 cars, 2,800 of which will be Winesaps, 1,700 cars of Jonathans, 1.300 cars Baldwins, 900 cars Spitzenbergs, and 800 cars of Rome Beauties. The Yakima district is estimated at 8,000 cars and the Spokane section at 500 cars. One thousand cars it is expected will Early peaches and apples as well as apri- cots commenced to move in the Wapato dis- trict about the 12th of July and good prices are reported to be ruling. The fruit crop on the Indian reservation in that district this year is reported to be a good one. The Sumner (W^ash.) Index remarks: "The Pruit Growers' Association received a message from Spokane, 13 years ago, saying, 'Send all the raspberries you have.' Spokane couldn't use all of our berries now if the residents ate Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For Further Particulars Write or Wire Us at Boston or 97 Warren Street, New York City The first raspberries sliippcd 15 years ago from the Puyallup district averaficd $1.50 per crate. Tills year the marketing price was $5.00. The Shoenberg-Pepper Company, wliich re- cently opened a frnit handling establishment at Yakima, is contemplating building a ware- house at Zillah that will be 75.\150 feet and is to be finislied in 15 days. C. R. Wood, former county horticulturist, is associated with the new firm, wiiicli was induced to locate in Zillah by the Zillah Community Club. The state of Washington ranks sixteenth in the amount of acreage devoted to strawberries for this season. Last year it was the eight- eenth state as to amount of acreage. There is now planted in this crop 895 acres as against 870 acres in 1918. Last year tlie total production amounted to 118 cars, while this year's production was in the neigliborhood of 125 cars. Last year the apple gi-owers of Eastern and Central Washington spent $75,000 in advertis- ing their apples. This year $500,000 has been appropriated for this purpose. The Sampson-Olivcr-Gamble Co., which will enter the fruit handling field in tlie Grand- view district, is building a new warehouse which will be ready for the apple shipping season. The new firm is headed by E. E. Sampson, of the E. E. Sampson Company of Yakima. W. W. Camble will be manager of the Grandview business. The apple crop at Grandview this year is estimated to be be- tween 1,500 and 2,000 cars. Horticultural Inspector Miller of Yakima county estimates that the entire fruit ship- ment from that county this year will be about 1.3,510 cars, divided as follows: Apples, 7,500 cars; pears, 3,000 cars; peaches, 2,500 cars; prunes, 200 cars; cherries, 60 cars, and miscellaneous, 250 cars. M. L. Dean, chief of the Division of Hor- ticulture of Washington, announces the ap- pointment of Chas. L. Robinson to be horti- cultural inspector at Yakima in place of H. L. Miller, resigned, and C. A. Noren to be inspector at Prosser in place of Luke Powell, who has also resigned. and pay return postage when prints are ordered WE DEVELOP KODAK FILMS FREE Mail us films with Siy Cents Stamps for each desired print. We return excess. NO CHARGE for unprintable films. Woodard, Clarke & Co. Photo Supplies Wood-Lark Bldg. Portland, Oregon Ask for Catalogue and Special Offer. ■AOLDONES/#/ I Can mabo dcw pcactar«>pro«f Ures from old worn ooes. He gtre joa a wrIUeo ffnanuitee of 6,000 miles agBtast panelnr*. Yod cab bbt* half 70iir Ur« CosU. E DO IT YDURSEIF IH 30 MIHUTtS l> Over on*-qaart«r mllllen users la America t«da7 of thli NKW IDEA Id Ure coDalrncUoa. Demonstrator Agenta wanted. OVENS CONSOUDATED RUBBER CO. Second fiU Saa Fraaclsco r/FREE OFFERV /demonstratio Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, I pip Crops on 700 acres of Yakima Valley land were ruined when vandals blew up the stand- pipe of the irrigating system in that section. To save the trees in one orchard tract belong- ing to the Union Orchards Company the ap- ples were stripped from the trees. The or- chard is estimated to have had a crop of 12,000 boxes on it. A report from Yakima, Wash., says the Libby, McNeill & Libby cannery interests have announced a boost in contract prices which will mean the payment of about $00,000 to Yakima orchardists. The increase is over $20,000 on pears alone. When the cannery was established there long-time contracts were made. The price of cherries was boosted from 4 cents a pound to 7 cents on contracts. Pears, contracted at i?22.50 a ton, are raised BETTER FRUIT to $35.00. Cling peaches are to bring $3.'i, in comparison with the original contract price of $20. The raise is made voluntarily by the cannery, which said the growers could not pay the present prices for labor and make a profit without greater compensation. The cannery has completed the installation of a maraschino cherry machine, and expects to turn out 500 barrels of this delicacy. At the peak of the season the cannery will employ 500 workers. Page 23 tion this fall and that it will have about half the capacity of the firm's Yakima branch, which cost $200,000. Never in its history has there been so much improvement going on at one time as is now the case in the Selah Valley according to the local paper in that section. Hundreds of thousands of dollars arc being put into new homes, substantial warehouses, packing sheds and barns and the money to pay for it is all coming from fruit, this authority asserts. H. L. Geary, of Spokane, secretary of the Fruitgrowers' Agency, has completed a tour of the fruit growing sections of the North- west and expresses the opinion that the fruit yield will be about normal. The Heights Packing Company, a coopera- tive company composed of orchardists in the Underwood district, is enlarging its plant, which has been equipped with a power grad- ing machine. This company expects to han- dle 22,000 boxes of apples this year. The entire apple output from the Underwood dis- trict this year is expected to be close to 100 cars. CORRESPONDENCE desired at once with a successful, prac- tical orchardist, having sufficient capital to purchase interest after investigation, and take management of large commer- cial apple orchaidof bearing age. Finest property in East, with great future. Ex- ceptional marketing facilities. A very unusual opportunity for the right man. Correspondence held entirely confiden- tial. Address wi(h particulars, SEABOARD Care B. G. Pratt, 50 Church Street NEW YORK CITY SAVE YOUR APPLES With a Mouanh Hydraulic Cidor Pres3 you can t I your culls iuto good aelling ider. You cnn alsodocustom pressic for your neighbors. Our improved highpressure construction gets all thejuice from Uie apples with min- imum power. All sizes of Presses, from 15to400 barrels { a day. A small investment will start you in a profitable '^ _ business. Ask for free, 60-page 1 Catalogue describing our 1915 Outfll; WEBTEBN FAbQITHAB UACHIKEST CO. 308 E. Salmon St., PortUnd, Ore. The Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, which was planning to build several apple warehouses in the Spokane Valley, has de- layed their erection owing to an unexpected decline in the expected production this year. One of these warehouses will be erected at Grecnacres. This company is spending $450,- 000 for apple boxes and $125,000 for wrapping paper this year. Y'akima county lost its second district hor- ticultural inspector within six months when H. L. Miller, who came two months ago from Walla Walla, left for Spokane to become as- sistant manager of the Skookum Packers' Association. Miller's predecessor, C. B. Wood, left to join the Schoenburg Pepper Company, while H. E. Waterbury and F. H. Desellem, in service before Wood, are also working for private fruit concerns. In addition to Miller, four chief deputies, John A. Webber, J. W. Vaughn, F. A. Kelly and C. E. Flickenger, all have gone with private fruit businesses. Men say that they can not afford to remain in the state's employ at the wages now paid. The Growers' Service Company will erect a new apple warehouse in the Buena district 50x100 feet. The building will be of substan- tial construction, modernly equipped, and is to be ready for the early fall fruit shipping season. Libby, McNeill & Libby are expected to enlarge their operations in the Inland Empire. The firm has had a large cannery at Yakima for some time and has recently acquired a three-acre site at Buena, Wash., in the heart of the orchard section of the lower Yakima valley. The section produces a huge tonnage of fruit, especially peaches and pears. It is reported the Buena cannery will be in opcra- The yield of cherries in the Inland Empire was be"low normal this season, but as prices advanced sharply the producers probably re- ceived at least the normal returns from or- chards. In the Lewiston, Idaho, section the price of packing cherries was around 12 cents and canneries and packing houses operated at extra pressure to handle the fruit. The Tri- State Fruit Concern employed 100 persons and on one day turned out 3,000 boxes of Bings and Lamberts. Pickers received 1% and 2 cents per pound. Bings brought 30 cents per pound on the Spokane retail market. The Oregon Packing Company employed 200 per- sons in its Lewiston branch. The advent of July saw the strawberry season practically finished in the Inland Em- pire, the cherry crop almost cleaned up and the raspberries and blackberries coming on the market freely, while the apple producers were beginning to shape their plans for the fall season in anticipation of a good normal yield. The American Fruit Growers, Inc., is ap- parently preparing to operate on an extensive scale in the Spokane district, Washington. It has obtained two more orchards in the Yakima KIllTHE PESTS This man is Dusting tw^enty acres per day at a cost of less than one-half cent per tree, us- ing the American Beauty Dust Sprayer Codling Moth Red Spider Curculio Aphis Catterpillar Mildew, Etc. Write us about it. California Sprayer Co. 6001-29 Pasadena Ave. Los Angeles, Cal. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT August, TO 19 Valley by closing deals on the Arthur Eugene Darby phice of 20 acres planted to conuner- cial varieties of apples now 11 years old and the_ K. \V. Hoss holding of GO acres adjoining. It is understood that this syndicate also has an option on the C. IC. Olson place of 200 acres at $150,000, and the 212 acres of prunes and apples owned by the Manuel Brothers, near Buena. It is rumored that the price for the latter orchard is close to the .?1,000 per acre mark. If all the options that have been taken by this company on fruit land in the Yakima Valley are closed it will control 1,000 acres of orchard in that valley. IDAHO. Stating that I'ayette Valley Jonathans have been picked too late in former years, causing them to rot in storage, growers in that - crowbar. Some soils are so hard, be- ing in reality soft rock, that a rock drill is re(iuired to make the holes. Prepuving the Ctiarge. — The charge is prepared by cutting off a piece of fuse as long as the hole is deep, and crimping a cap on one end by means of a cap crimper. The cap with the Put Me Through the Acid Test ! Tt1l5LICHT.5TEEL CUFF BRACKET DOES IT' The supreme test is this: Is the maker willing to ship on approval? Send me your order today for two or more of the C ECURITY Ladd^ — I'll pay the freight and ship subject to approval, C. O.D. The Security never comes back! I've sent hundreds on approval — not one was ever returned. Orchardists know when they see the Security it is the one ladder that actually cuts picking costs and is built right. — The patented steel cuff-bracket grips each step-end, making Security strongest where other ladders are weakest. The greatest feature ever put on a ladder, because by saving picker's time it reduces your picking costs, boosts your profits. Picker feels secure on a ladder that cannot wob- ble. Does not spend his time in running up and down so change position of ladder. — But even without this feature the Security would appeal to you because it is built right all through. Light, strong, plenty of spread. All wood vertical grain, and the steps are easily replaceable. Swinging back-leg hinged metal-to- metal eliminates side-sway. Prices: 8-ft.$5; 10-ft.$6; 12-ft.$7.20 See any of the following dealers: Salem, Ray L. Farmer Hardware Co ; The Dalles, Walther-Williams Hardware Co.; Wenatchee, Wenatchee Produce Co.; Yakima, A. B. Fosseen & Co ; Hamilton. Mont., Valley Mercantile Co., or write to me direct for ship- ment on approval, C. O. D. New booklet now ready. J. B.PATTERSON, Mfr. 82 Franklin Street OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA Fig. 4. Light t.nniping over charge. Strong and Tight Makeshift boxes indicate a makeship product. First impressions always are the most lasting. A strong, tight box impresses the buyer first. He wants your product to arrive in good condition. Bloedel Donovan Boxes Are expertly sawed and built to fit— strong and tight. We deliver promptly BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building, Seattle, Wash. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 30 BETTER FRUIT August, ipip fuse attached is inserted into the ex- plosive used, and securely tied. Loading the Hole. — Start tlic ctiarge into tlie t)ore liole and press it gently to the bottom with a wooden tamping stick, Fig. 3. Pour in four or five inches of loose dirt and tamp it gently. Fig. 4, then pour in more dirt, prefer- ably slightly moist, as it packs better, and tamp firmly. Fig. 5. When the ex- plosive is covered with several inches of lightly packed soil the rest of the tamping should be made as hard and tight as is possible, using the stick in one hand. The hole should be tamped full. K'^-.-^^L^f.-f^^^. - Asri/ts otp ^ CA^rfoboe,, M'^iMH Fig. 5. Top of hole tamped tight. Firing the Blast. — The next opera- tion is to light the fuse and retire to a sufficient distance to avoid any loose material that may be thrown out. If the loading is properly done and at a sufficient depth there is usually only a thud and a cracking of the surface and no soil is thrown into the air. How to Treat Blasted Holes. — If the holes are blasted in advance of the time of setting the trees they are left Fig. 6. The blast thoroughly cracks the soil, but leaves a cavity or pothole at the bottom. This must be filled. without further attention until plant- ing time, unless it is desirable to add some manure or fertilizer to be dif- fused through the soil. This is a good practice, especially on poor soil. If the soil is sour, sticky clay, a few pounds of lime scattered in the hole will materially assist in loosening the clay and keeping it permanently gran- ulated and sweet. Setting the Tree. — When the trees are to be planted shovel out the hole and locate the cavity that is usually Fig. 7. The best practice is to shovel out the loose soil and expose the pothole. This is easily done in the freshly blasted holes. sprung at the bottom of the hole. Fig. 7. Fill this with tamped soil to firm the base to prevent subsequent settl- ing of the trees. The filling should "Maybe nobody has told youj says the Good Judge— Why this good tobac- co costs less to chew. You get real tobocco satisfaction with a small chew. It gives you the good tobacco taste. It lasts and lasts. You don't need a fresh chew so often. It saves you money. THE REAL TOBACCO CHEW i)ut up in two styles RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B GUT is a lonj? fine-cut tobacco "BoilMToMs Boiling points are vaporizing points. The full, uniform chain of boiling points is necessary in high quality gasoline. Red Crown has them. Look for the Red Crown sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) €^^^^iiM^^A// Gasoline APPLES For .European PEARS Distribution Gerald Da Costa Long Acre, Covent Garden, London Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Private SHIPPING AGENTS: Lunham & Moore, Produce Exchange, New York WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT August, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 31 be up to the level it is desired to set the tree, taking care to keep the soil well tamped. Set the tree with the roots in as near their original position as possible and pack them with the top soil that has been shoveled out of the hole, Fig. 8. When no attention is paid to settling or firming the soil in the bottom of the hole, trouble often results from the tree settling too deep after the firsl heavy rains, but this trouble has never been observed when the holes were properly examined and the described precautions observed in setting the tree. Just before packing the soil around the trees be sure that they are in line with the rest of the row. When trees are set as much as thirty or more feet apart it is an excellent practice to place blasts midway be- tween the rows after the trees have been growing several years. These will open up the subsoil between the trees that was but slightly disturbed by the original blasts and will induce Fig. 8. As imicli ol the hole as possible should be filled with fertile surface soil ; the rest can be filled with the subsoil that has been dug out. This should bo well packed to prevent sctUing. The tree is set with the roots spread out in their natural position. more vigorous root growth, and con- sequently better trees will be the re- sult. It should be remembered that this method of setting applies not only to orchard trees such as the apple and peach, but to nut trees, and shade trees as well. For blasting holes to set large trees additional benefit is derived by plac- ing several blasts close together so that the subsoil is more thoroughly shattered. Usually one-half cartridge charges are sufficient, except in the heaviest hardpan and where loading deeper than 40 inches is required. ^:ga& MakeaTractorofYourCar Use it for farm work. Pullford catalog shows how to make a practical tractor out of Ford and other cars. Write for Catalog Pullford Co^ Box 346C Quincy, III. A Great Bargain Offer Better Fruit One Full Year McCall's One Full Year Good Stories One Full Year All Three for $1.55 DQffat*P''rilif''c ^''''^"'^''°" '^'' month DCllCl n Ull O increased 1,000 copies. There's a reason. Fruitgrowers and others inter- ested in the fruit industry want it. Read What They Say: Roswell. New Mexico. I want to congratulate you on Better Fruit. is steadily improving. BEN AMES. Fruitgrower. It Albany, Oregon. Consider Better Fruit finest of its kind. Chuck full of meat and should be in the hands of every fruitgrower. W. R. SCOTT, Puyallup and Sumner Fruitgrowers' Canning Co. Nelson, New Zealand. _ Have been a reader of your splendid publica- tion for a long time. I want to ask you for some more information. J. DUDGEON. Newberg, Oregon. The April number of Better Fruit alone was worth the price of a year's subscription. It told me just what I wanted to know about caring for my trees. Some growers ought to be compelled to read this paper and carry out the instructions in it. W. E. WHITE. If you are not a subscriber to Better Fruit we will be pleased to send you a sample copy if you are interested in the fruit industry. BETTER FRUIT ■■foaTttwo.niBomr f" ^^^i^JSS:^ MCCALL'S For the small sum of SL.'iS you get Better Fruit one full year, McCall's Maga- zine one full year and Good Stories one full year. If you are a subscriber to any of these Magazines your time will be extended one full year from pres- ent date. Better Fruit is one of the two publications of its kind in the United States, and caters to people who are interested in growing fruit for profit. Better Fruit sells for $1.00. The other two Magazines are leading Magazines in their particular line, and can be read with much interest in any family. This is undoubtedly the greatest combination offer we will ever have and I would advise that you take advantage of it at once, as the price of Magazines is increasing temendously at the present time. This offer may never appear again. Clip the Coupon now and mail at once to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Oregonian Building, PORTLAND, OREGON ENCLOSED FIND $1.55-SEND ALL THREE MAGAZINES ONE FULL YEAR Name P.O .. R.D .. State . . Box Street Combination includes Better Fruit 1 year. McCall's 1 year. Good Stories 1 year WHEN wmriNG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 32 Increasing Profits, Etc. Continued fi'um page 7. season. The books showed a saving in cultivation tliat year which anioiinted to $!)87 while approxiiiialely !?1,U00 was cleared on Hie lio^s. Mr. Gam- mon figures that the manure from the liogs and .sheep offset any loss in fer- tility due to feeding. In addition the jjear trees bore a bumper crop of fruit, some trees yielding from 30 to 40 boxes. Mr. Gammon says he will continue to intercrop with legumes. Mr. A. B. Ilumjjhrey, of Mayhes, California, is as well known among live stock breeders as among fruit growers. His Berkshire boar, Grand Leader II, was grand champion of the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion, and later with several of his progeny, sold for !?4.500. iMr. Hum- phrey also raised Star Leader, sired by Grand Leader II, who headed the FOR SALF ^^0 ACRES FINEST rvn SMI.E, JOU FRUIT LAND In the Fruit Belt of IMichigan 13,000 select apple trees planted two years ago. Railroad switch on farm. One and one-half miles from town. Price $100 per acre. Worth double. Address A. F. BUNTING. 158 Hague Ave.. Detroit, Mich. Universal Bushel Shippin^Packa^es Pay Best Net Profits —Saves labor in packing, handling and selling. —Shows off fruits and vegetables to best advantage. —Most convenient package for handling. — Centerpost protects pack from crush- ing and bruising. —Specifications insure package maxi- mum strength. —All packages uniform in size— all cov- ers*fit snugly. —Covers attached securely without nail- ing. — Handholds always accessible — right for easy handling. —Economize space— shipped "nested"— by dozens. — Require no repacking by retailer. —Serviceable as handy packages when empty. — Centerpost protects from sides break- ing. Send for Sample 25c in coin or stamps will bring a Universal Bushel Shipping Package to you. Send for one and test its convenience, strength and durability. Package Sales Corporation South Bend, Indiana 106 East Jefferson St. BETTER FRUIT Berk.shire herd of the University of California and later sold for $1,500. Mr. Humphrey has his three orchards of plums and pears on a 300-acre farm sown to alfalfa, not only to save the labor of cullivation but to furnish pasture for his increasing herds. The Wenatchee irrigated section used to be a staunch adherer to clean cultivation and the dust mulch. One orchard, that of Barney and Williams, however, adopted a permanent alfalfa cover crop. This system has been loliovicd for twenty years. Statislics show that this orchard has one of the largest bearing records of this dis- trict. Nineteen boxes represented the average bearing per tree per year from 1907 to 1912 inclusive. The trees are continuing this production. These results have been so definite that today practically seventy-five per cent of the Wenatchee orchards are in alfalfa. Hogs and sheep offer a good diver- sification for the average orchard un- der irrigation, the initial investment in foundation' stock being small. Some poultry should be found in every orch- ard and certain orchards favorably lo- cated have found large flocks profit- able. Dairying on a large scale makes a rather complicated problem for an orchardist but a few cows will furnish a ready cash product and skim milk forms a valuable part of a ration for either hogs or chickens. Every orch- ardist regardless of his location should produce as much of the food consumed by his family and by his hired help as is possible. It is interesting to note that more and more orchardists are finding that it does pay to "fool" with one or more of the side lines. The advantages ac- crued from the use of legume cover crops in the orchard pastured by live stock such as sheep or hogs may be summarized as follows: 1. The .saving of time and labor in cultivation. 2. Organic matter in soil protected from burning sun. 3. Larger numbers of bacteria, which made plant food available for trees, develop in the upper layers of soil because of the presence of or- ganic matter and moisture. 4. Additional crops grown on land not used under "clean cultivation" system. 5. Otherwise non - available nitro- gen of the air gathered by bacteria on roots of legumes; used by the legumes; stored in the soil and later used by the fruit trees. 6. The pasturing of intercrops saves time and labor of harvesting. 7. Manure of animals returns fer- tility used by legumes. 8. Plant food of soil made more available through growth of legumes and manure of animals. 9. Eating cull fruits by animals eliminates many insect and fungus en- emies. 10. Increased bearing surface and crop easier to harvest; unnecessary to prune branches high to leave space' be- low the limbs for teams. August, ipTp $10.00 FOR YOU WHAT a lot of pleasure there is tucked away in a $10 bill. A day at the County Fair, a trip to the seashore, a new hat, or a trip to some friend. No matter what you like, a $10 bill is full of good times and a chance to earn a $10 bill is always welcome. But perhaps you have never been able to find a way of earn- ing extra money that fitted in with your other duties. Still there is a way. Better Fruit vfsy of earning extra money will in- terest you and has become pop- ular in fruit sections. Men and women acting as local represen- tatives. You Can Earn $10 or More Better Fruit Publishing Com- pany will appoint you as a local representative for your vacinity if you have an hour or more each week. You can earn an extra $10 whenever you want ir. The work requires no experience of any kind, nor is there any in- vestment necessary. Read what these people say: "The subscriptions to Better Fruit are so easily obtained it only took a few hours to earn this $10." Mrs. J. F. Hindman. "I am sending ten subscriptions all taken in one day and hardly put in any time at all." Wm F. Groves. Write to Better Fruit Publish- ing Company for our $10 plan. Your letter will be given imme- diate attention and the $10 will be yours too,before you realize it. WRITE TODAY Better Fruit Publishing Company 603 Oregonian Building Portland, Oregon Please send me full particulars of the $10 plan without obligation or expense. Name Address . City and State WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT does it pay? A RANCHER located 45 miles from the railroad used to spend four days on the road with a team going and returning from his shipping point. With his International Motor Truck, he makes the trip in a day and saves three days for productive work. A farmer living ten miles from town required the greater part of a day to make a round trip haul with horses. With his International Motor Truck he makes the trip in about three hours. The rest of the day he has for productive work. To the farmer living closer to market, the saving accomplished with an International Motor Truck is relatively as great. This truck is built by a Company that knows farm and country road conditions. The engine is a simple, heavy duty type, transmitting ample power to the famous International internal gear rear axle, that converts it into mileage at lowest cost. When need arises for repairs, or an adjustment, an International owner has always at ready command a service organi- zation that is thorough and complete. This is an important consideration to the farmer, whose hauling must so often be done at just a certain time. Figure up the time you and your help spend on the road in the course of a year. Two-thirds of that time is the approximate number of days an International Motor Truck will save you for productive work. There is a style of body and size of truck to meet practically every hauling requirement. Write for full information. International Harvester Company of America (INCORPORATED) Billings, Montana Crawford, Nebraska Denver, Colorado Helena, Montana Los Angeles, California Portland, Oregon Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, California Spokane, Washington WHEN WRITING ADVERTISEBS MENTION BETTER PBUIT THE WORLD - ^^ OUR ORCHARD ^^ & Kf LLY I NEW YORK I ?m^\y THE RT/qm Rq(T?R bl3TRIBUTPI1 UNTRY'3 Fancy OTHER. FRV/ITJ OUR MARKET- THE WORLD ^^Miiriii WHFN- WRITTNT. /vnVERTISERS MENTION" BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT -%, Volume XIV '"^6.- SEx '^ /^EK, 1919 ^'*>. "0^. ""^0 Number 3 Features : THE BARTLETT PEAR AS SEEN ON THE TREE The Bartlett Pear is tKe most vJidely gro'oPn in the United States of anj» of the manj) pear varieties. The pear crop of the Pacif c Northv3est this year is estimated at oOer 6,500,000 bushels, the greater proportion of which are Bartletts. Three-fourths of the entire pear crop of the United States was produced this year in the states of Cahfornia.Washington and Oregon. The Oiew gi^>en in the above illustration was taken in an orchard near Sheridan, Oregon. "Factors tKat Influence Diseases of Apples in Storage" "Specific Results in Pollinating tKe Bartlett Pear" "Packing Out tKe 1919 Apple Crop" "DeKydration as a Factor in tKe Fruit World" BETTEK FBUI T PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada *L..50: Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 20 Cents [l&®t^ (n)s(at Cattle — Chickens— Pigs Pay Better When They Get a Food Like This Records of 53 'A increased profits are not uncommon when Kaola Meal is fed to milch cows, calves, pigs, poultry, sheep and horses. The stock and poul- try fatten better or produce bigger yields. The great butter and cheese export- ing countries of Europe — Denmark, Holland, Belgium and Switzerland— use enormous quantities of it because they have found that it pays immensely laetter profits. Kaola Meal is a wonderful fat food, containing a higher percentage of di- gestible fat than even linseed oil meal. It is also rich in carbohydrates and the body-building protein. Remember, though, Kaola Meal is NOT a laxative, so you feed it in the same proportion when you are feeding laxative— from W/< to 25% of the reg- ular grain foods. We make Kaola Meal from the fine white meat of cocoanuts from which we extract oil for commercial purposes. But enough oil is left in to make the meal one of the finest fat foods any- one can feed to stock. We are one of the largest users of cocoanuts in the world, so we can make the best of this type of feed at the lowest price. Try it and see how it pays YOU. You'll use it continuously once you know. Order from your dealer now. But be sure it's KAOLA MEAL— the best food of its kind. Analysis as follows: Protein 16.02%; Carbohydrates 63.50',;; Fat 7.18%; Ash 5%. We have just completed a new book, full of scientific facts on cattle, hog and poultry feeding. It's free. Write us for it. It tells you how the Euro- pean farmer has gained high yields with this profit food. Clip the coupon now. Palmolive Company Address Department 70 Portland, Oregon If^^T ,_ ^OG(>ANUT MEATS fjjis on File WJItiSfaftfeirj ST^Os^niiijJjj^ fMahu'ftc+ljred' Byj-L ■ J '^1^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION' BETTER FRUIT September, 19 19 BETTER FRUIT Page I The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON SULPHUR It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that if you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand. Fleur de Soufre, packed in double sacks, are the IVft'nniKB fluffiest and PUREST 4|L!_tLu5'^i sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vine- yards; the best for ■ bleaching purposes, -^ LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur — Impalpable Powder. 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste — {Atomic Sulphur). For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can furnish you this sulphur at such a low price that it would pay you to mix your own solution and net you a profit equal to the amount paid out for labor in spraying your orchard, even if you pay your men $4 per day for making the solution and applying same. To create additional available plant food, drill into the soil fOO to 400 pounds per acre DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR. (OO^o pure. .This has increased various crops up to 500?o. Also PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS. To- bacco Dust. Dry Bordeaux, Dusting Sulphur Mixtures, etc. And "Anchor" Brand Standard LIME-SULPHUR SO- LUTION 33^ BE.. Sulphur Paste, etc. Fungicides and Insecticides. Carried in stock and mixed to order. San Francisco Sulphur Co. 624 California St San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipments. Send for "ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET": also booklet "NEW USES FOR SULPHUR," Price-list, and Samples. Please state for what purpose you use the sulphur, quantity needed, and date of shipment preferred. Tele- phone Kearney 871. Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON THE SELF-OILING WINDMILL has become so popular in its firat four years that thousands have been called for to replace, on their old towers, other makes of milifl, and to replace, at small cost, the eeanng of the earlier Aermotors. making them self-oil- ing. Its enclosed motor keeps in the oil and keeps out dust and rain. The Splash Oil- ing System constantly ' floods every bearing with oil, pre- venting wear and cnabUng the mill to pump in the lightest breeze. ,, The oil supply is renewed once a year.^ Double Gears are used, each carrying half the load. We make Gasoline Engines, Pumps, Tanks, Water Supply Goods and Steel Frame Saws. Write AERMOTOR CO., 2500 Twelfth SL, Chicago *'thQ genuine i^^ dates back to 1866'' "1 remember well when we used black powder for stump blasting and mining. Just after the Civil War the first Giant Powder ever made in the United States was manufactured in a little laboratory in what is now Golden Gate park. "Out of that beginning has grown The Giant Powder Co., Con., with its chain of great plants and magazine stocks throughout the entire West. And the Giant Farm Powders are being used for stump blasting, boulder blasting, tree planting, etc., by thousands of Western land owners. Giant Powders have always been so popular that some people have thought any ordinary dynamite was Giant Powder, but that is wrong. The only way to get Giant economy and efficiency is to get the genuine Giant Powders made by the originators of the name." Jast tell us "send me your book." and we will mail you our valuable guide to blasting, "Better Farming with Giant Farm Powders." THE GIANT POWDER CO., CON. "Everything for Blasting" 202 First National Bank Bldg,, San Francisco Branch Offices: Denver, Portland, Salt Lake City. Seattle. Spokane STUMPING EUREKA Pittsburgh Perfect Cement frosted NdllS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come o£f. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh. Pa. A. C RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER PBUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT September, iplQ SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. Board of Trade Building, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.,inc. Sole Manufacturers 63 Pearl Street Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A R S o NAILS rri'XrniVrV' >" buying is getting the \jV71^ KJIIL 1 best value for the money. not always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS °? rs°'^^%^Ton for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. ■CT T A RIl ITV behind the goods is MlilJl±\.DM.ljLl. 1. added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of eveiy contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATI^FAPTTON '^ assured by our .rt.X XOX .^XV'XiVfXi long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RTmiN'AI TTY P'us experience al- XVXVTXl-l .n.XJX X X ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime ur. A. 1-. Melaiitier, EntomoloRist : O M. .Morris, Horticulturist. Pullman. COI*'R\l>o — V. v. tiillette. Oirector and EnIoinoInci.st ; E. B. Hou.se. IiTigatlcn Expert. State Agricultural College. Fort Collins. . „ ARIZONA— E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. Ball. Madison. MONTANA— O. B Whipple. Horticulturist. Bozeman. CALIFORNIA— r W. Woodwortli. Entomologist. Berke- ley; \V. H. Volck. Entomologist. Watsonville; I^on D. Batdielor. Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. .I.aclsson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY liY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should he addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY SuBsr.niPTioN Price: In the United States, *1.00 per year in advance. Canada !51.25; F'oreign, including postage, .?l..'iO. ADVEitTisiNO Rates on Application Filtered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the PostolTlce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XIV Portland, Oregon, September 1, 1919 Number 3 Factors that Influence Diseases of Apples in Storage By D. F. Fisher, Assistant rEoiTon's Note. — This article is not a techni- cal discussion of this subject for the profes- sional horticulturist. On the contrary, it is full of valuable practical information for the orchardist, the apple packer, the cold storage man and everyone else who handles apples from orchard to market.] 1'HE factons that influence diseases of apples in storage are of vital importance to all apple growers, as well as shippers and dealers, but too often the grower feels that his connec- tion with the crop ends with its deliv- ery to the shipper, and especially is this true if he receives cash payment upon delivery. If he sells early, delivering the apples direct from the orchard to the shipper, his connection with the later condition of the fruit is frequently questioned. He feels that thereafter the Pathologist, Fruit Disease Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture Types of soft scald on Delicious apples which were unpacked at Drydcn, Washington. risk is all the shipper's or the dealer's, both financial and as to the future con- dition of the fruit itself. In what man- ner, then, can the grower be affected if his fruit fails to "hold up" in stoiage — if his apples develop storage diseases? This question must be satisfactorily answered if the team work is to be secured in the fruit industry which will secure it on that broad basis funda- mental to its continued success. To fully answer it the grower must project him- self beyond the confines of his own orchard, the dealer must see beyond his own warehouse, each must obtain a concept of the industry as a whole. Each must understand that his own business stands or falls with that of the industry. Here in the Northwest it has been possible to adopt the motto, "All for one, and one for all" — but, unfortu- nately, of late there has been a tendency to replace this with one reading, "Each one for himself, and the devil take the rest." There is a growing confusion of "quantity" and "quality," with too much emphasis on the "quantity" which the rapidly growing orchards have yielded and at the expense of the "quality" which it is essential that the North- western apple maintain in order to successfully compete in the great con- suming markets of the East. Profitable disposition of Northwestern apples in Eastern markets is handicapped; first, by the high cost of production at home; second, by high cost of transiiortation to reach these markets; and third, by a constantly increasing competition with carefully selected Eastern apples, pro- duced and marketed at less cost. The latter factor may not be a popular subject for discussion in the Northwest, but neveilheless an ostrich attitude does not pay, and the Northwest might as well realize that the East by no manner produces all culls and pie apples. If Northwestern apples must ciimpete with luistcrn apples in Eastern markets they can succeed only if tlie> possess a quality upon which the trade will pay a premium. This lias been the basis of the success of the Northwest- ern apple industry in the past, and it must continue to be so, for the otlier economic factors are inherently of ad- vantage to the East. Since "quality" necessarily becomes the foundation of the Northwestern apple business, it is the purpose of this paper to discuss certain influences afl'ecting the quality of apples, that is, how quality is affected by storage dis- eases. The "quality" of an apple is subject to many influences in the realm of botanical science, and a number of technical investigations have been con- cerned with the subject, the results of which have not been generally dissemi- nated. Some of these investigations have been conducted in the Northwest on Northwestern apples, but the prin- ciples deduced are of general applica- tion. The quality of an apple cannot be Unscalded Grimes apple at top; scalded at bottom. A disease that is developed by improper storage methods. Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September, 1919 Rots starting from mechanical injuries, such damage can be eliminated aim truly judged until it is eaten — and whether it be fit to eat early or late in its season is dependent upon its "keep- ing quality." Consider, then, some of the factors that influence the keeping quality of apples — factors that produce storage diseases. There are two general divisions of storage diseases: 1. Parasitic, or those caused by such organisms as bacteria and fungi, or molds. 2. Non-parasitic, or the so-called "physiological diseases." Those in the latter class are frequently not regarded as diseases, but as "condi- tions," but call them what you will, they cause pathological abnormalities. Parasitic Diseases. The parasitic diseases may be classi- fied into two general groups: (1) Those which may be prevented by spraying and good orchard sanitation, and (2) Those which may be prevented by proper handling of the fruit. As an example of the first class we have the Northwestern anthracnosc. This dis- ease is confined to the Pacific North- west and is most serious west nf the Cascades. It is present to some extent in the White Salmon Valley, and it has Penicilium, known better as "blue mold" rot, a fungous disease that develops in storage. Careful handling is recommended to reduce this trouble to the minimum. as bruises and slight punctures. This type of ost entirely by careful handling. been serious in the Hood River Valley, but it docs not exist, so far as known, in any of the major apple districts of the State of Washington. This disease is caused by the fungus Neofabrxa Mali- corticis, which lives over from year to year in cankers on the branches. Its spores are matured in midsummer, but they require moisture for germination, and hence the disease does not spread before the fall rains. These rains usually begin before the apples are picked, and the fruit therefore may be infected before it leaves the tree. The spores may germinate and cause an early rotting of the fruit, but hard, late- season apples are usually not attacked until after they are in storage and have begun to soften. However, if the skin happens to be broken the fungus may secure immediate entrance and rotting proceeds at once. Fruit infection is prevented by spraying with bordeaux mixture before the apples are picked, but to control the limb cankers later applications are necessary. Apple scab is another fun- gous disease of importance in some localities of the Northwest, but fortunately is not prevalent in the great apple-producing districts of the State of Washington. The fungus usually pro- duces its scab spots before harvest, but infected apples of course arc not sold in the general trade. But late matured spores may lodge on sound fruit antl infect the aijples after they arc picked and stored. Scab injury is superficial and af- fects the appearance rather than the eating quality of the fruit. But scab is fre- quently a vital factor in the keeping quality of apples, for various other fungi, in themselves incapable of penetrating the sound skin of the fruit, gain easy ac- cess through the scab spots and cause the fruit to rot. From this standpoint alone the exclusion of scabby fruit from the higher grades is justified. The prevention of scab is accomplished by good orchard sanitation, accompanied by fungicidal spraying at such intervals as to protect the fruit from bud to harvest. The ijarasitic diseases of ajjplcs in storage that can be prevented by proper liandling of the fruit are those due to attacks of organisms which gain en- trance through skin punctures. When- ever the skin of a mature apple is broken a fungous rot is almost sure to develop. The fungi which most fre- quently cause these rots are incapable of penetrating the sound skin, but rots speedily result when they gain access to the llesh and juice of the apple. Skin broken on green apples has a chance to heal, but this power is lost as the fruit matures, hence the great importance of careful handling to prevent mechanical injuries of ripe apples. Among the fungi of this class which cause storage rots the most common is Penicilium, the familiar "blue mold." Another common fungous rot is caused by Alternaria, which is a "black mold." These two are the most common in the Northwest, but rots due to other "molds," — pink, white, gray, and various other colors, also occur. Careful handling will reduce these rots to a minimum, and in picking, hauling, putting the apples over the grading machines, and in packing attention should be given this detail. The mechanical graders now in general use are of great utility, but like all conveniences, their benefits may obscure some abuses. The ma- chines are frequently crowded, so that the apples pile up either at the sorting end or in the bins, resulting in numer- ous stem punctures. Another prolific cause of broken skin is found in finger- nail punctures. Fvery handler of ap- ples should be required to wear gloves. Greater care in box nailing should be insisted upon also, for protruding nails Continued on page 23. .Jonathan apple affected with what is known as .Jonathan spot. This disease is not a fungous disease. It usually develops after the apples are placed in storage and is be- lieved to be caused by over-irrigation and allow ing the fruit to remain on the tree until it is too ripe. Idaho lost 40,000 boxes of .Jonathans in 1917 from Ibis cause after the fruit had all been placed in storage. September, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page Specific Results in],Pollinating the Bartlett Pear By Warren P. Tufts, Professor of Pomology, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California THERE is a growing interest on the ing the seasons of 1916, 1917 and 1918 of most interest to the Bartlett pear part of pear growers in California designed to test the accuracy of the orchardists or those -Who intend to and elsewhere in the Pacific North- observations enumerated above. plant this variety of pears. This result west concerning the question Organization of the Work. is as follows: ^ ^, ^ ^^ ^ the Bartlett, their chief variety, requires The orchard of Mr. P. M. Beaser, of or is benelited by cross-pollination. The methods employed for investi- Chicago Park, Nevada County, consists The fact that Bartlett trees, planted gatmg the various problems were those of one thousand Bartlett pear trees, no without any regard to cross-pollina- commonly in use in cross-pollination provision having been made for cross- tion, have yielded profitable crops, has experiments. Briefly stated, this part pollination. These trees are perhaps led some to believe that the variety is of 'he work consisted in the application twenty-five years old. There is located self-fertile. On the other hand, these by hand of the pollen desired, having on the Loma Rica Ranch, some eight same growers have noticed when they fl''sl removed the tlowers' own pollen- „ji]es awav, a small block of old Bart- have a stray tree of some other varietv producing organs (the stamens). The i^tt pear trees of about the same age in their orchard that the surrounding introduction of foreign pollen through and vigor as those on the Beaser place. Bartletts are more abundantly fruited the agency of wind and insects was pre- Manv of these trees have, however, dur- than the remainder of the orchard, vented by covering the hand-pollinated ing the past six or eight years, been This seems to indicate that the Bartlett, blossoms with paper sacks. Accurate top-worked to other varieties. With under valley conditions, is greatly bene- counts of the flowers were made and the exception of the presence of polli- fited bv cross-pollination. In the Sierra recorded. Later in the season the sacks nating varieties at Loma Rica the two foothills thoughtful and observant were removed. The fruits resulting orchards just described are in all growers have felt sure that the Bartlett, •"•'om these artificial pollinations were respects comparable. Both orchards under their conditions, is always self- counted and the proper record made bloomed profusely, sterile to a degree renderina cross- after the first and second crops and sunie, lo a iie„iee icnotiing cioss harvest COMPARISON OF YIELD ON BARTLETT pollination imperative. again ai narvesi. trees with and without polli- Although practically all writers agree The Results. nating varieties, i918. in advising the infernlantine of other -ri i. «■ n .u • . • (Loma Rica Ranch, Grass Valley) 111 auMbui-, iiie iiiicipiamiiig oi uuiei -pj^g results of all the experiments in ,.,.,. „„ii,,,„„„„ „„,,>/,>,. varieties to pollinate the Bartlett, even connection with this work were inter- No. of blossoms counted . 3007 in the valley locations in California, esting and showed conclusively the No. of fruits set May 17 449 nevertheless the bulk of the acreage benefits of cross-pollination. Eliminat- Ave."g"^^'eVd per tr^e in packed boi;;:! planted to Bartletts in the state contains ing some of the more technical phases (Beaser Ranch, Chicago Park) no other variety. The writer outlined of the work, however, the result of an WUhoui poiiinaiingi>arieiies: , . 1 1 • .1 . . , . 1 , , ,. . No. of blossoms counted 31/0 and pertormed certain experiments dur- experiment designed to show from the no. of fruits set May 17 192 average yield of P"' «"* set 6.0 two orchards Average yield per tree in packed boxes 77 what should be The figures show that the trees pro- expected from vided with cross-pollination produced cross-polleniza- a crop almost three times as great as tion under nor- that produced by the trees which did mal conditions not receive cross-pollination. It should will probably be Continued on page 21. Ten Rartlell prars set from twenty-flve blossoms pollinated with Winter Nells pollen. A typical cluster resulting from crossing linrtlett with Wiiiler Nells. Two Bartlett pears set from eight blossoms pollinated with Bartlett pollen. A typical cluster of this variety when self-poll iilatcdratiun at Salem, THE preservation of food by drying has been in use for centuries and is probably the oldest known method which the human race has employed in food conservation. The process em- ployed by the ancients and which is still largely employed is to place the fresh food, more particularly cereals and fruits, in the sun and allow the rays of this great heat and light-giving orb to gradually eliminate the moisture. In semi-arid sections where continuous sunlight can be depended upon over a considerable period this method of dry- ing food is a success, with the exception that the food spread on trays out of doors is a prey to the insects and gath- ers considerable dirt, due to sudden gusts of wind and the dust particles that are in the air at all times during the dry season. These handicaps are no small objection to sun-dried food, in addition to the fact that some fruits and vegeta- bles do not ripen until the rainy season sets in and puts an end to drying food by nature's process. To meet the growing demands for dried fruits, such as apples, apricots, prunes, pears and some of the other tree fruits, evaporating machines were evolved, and, while they proved a suc- cess, failed to be adapted to the needs of the entire fruit, vegetable and other food kingdoms. It was this need that caused the birth of dehydration, which, reduced to its simplest terms, means merely the extraction of water, or the elements of water. "Dehydration," an expert on this subject says, "has come as a term to distinguish a special type of process to preserve fruits, vegetables, meats, fish and eggs for indefinite per- iods. Properly done, this process entails no loss of the original constituents ol the material. The mineral salts, vita- mines, acids, proteins, etc., are retained in their original fullness and the cellu- lar structure remains intact. the plant of the King's Products Company, Oregon. The first experiments in drying foods according to this principle were not altogether a success, as the method of drying was accomplished by either a horizontal air wave passing over or a vertical wave passing through the mate- rial. Circulation was obtained by means of drafts and the natural rising of heated air. The temperatures during this process ran from 140 to 190 degrees and subjected the material to such an intense heat that its entire content was often made valueless. The basic prin- ciple of the new process of dehydration is a gradual extraction of the moisture content by means of low temperatures. The material to be dehydrated is spread on shallow trays, which are slid into steel cars, and the cars then rolled into long, tightly sealed tunnels. The I)rocess that takes place is similar to that of a warm arid wind. The tem- peratures are kept low, but the volume of air jiassing through the tunnels is rapid, varying from 25 to 50 feet per minute. Circulation is artificially cre- ated by fans, and the air is used but once, preventing the carrying of the odors and moisture from one tray to another. The moisture is removed so gradually that the cell structure of the materials remains intact, the flavor un- injured and the food value unimpaired. The retaining of the cell structure is probably the most important feature of this process, on account of the fact that when the finished product is placed in water it will reabsorb the original amount of moisture it contained, largely regaining in this way its fresh color and flavor and the wholesome, nourishing properties of the freshly gathered pro- duce. In showing how greatly the weight of the fresh material is reduced when dehydrated the following table will be of interest: NUMBER OF POUNDS OF FRESH MATERIAL REQUIRED TO MAKE ONE POUND OF DEHYDRATED. Apples 10 Apricots 5 Cherries (pitted) 5 Loganberries 6 Pears (peeled) 8 Peaches (peeled) 10 Prunes 3 Raspberries 6 Strawberries 8 Cranberries 6% Beets 9 Stringless Beans 10 Cabbage 12 Carrots 10 Celery 20 Onions 10 Parsnips 8 Potatoes 6 Pumpkin 13 Rhubarb 20 Squash 9 Spinach 15 Tomatoes 15 Turnips 15 While the great economic value of artificial dehydration had been realized Spreading loganberries on trays preparatory lo being dehydrated. To the right can be seen the partially loaded steel cai-s which are used in roviting the food materials through the plant. September, igig BETTER FRUIT Page 7 View of room containing dehydrating tunnels. Points of interest are the "drylight construction," combined with the ;»ll-\\hite interior flnisii and absolute cleanliness. The cars containing the fresh food are rolled into these tunnels, where the material has the moisture extracted from it without i-emo\ins any es of the world to this new factor in food conservation. It is not the object of this article to go into the comijarative merits of dried or canned food. Both of these processes have an important place in the fruit industry and each of them to a large industry, assured success in artificial dehydration had its birth on the Pacific Coast. In fact, Oregon is the cradle in which it has been nursed along, until now it is spreading out its arms and will no doubt soon be reaching into the other sections of the Northwest. The largest and best known establishments of this kind are those of the Kings Products Company, one of which is located at The Dalles, Oregon, and the other at Salem, Oregon. It is under- stood that this company is also making arrangements to locate plants in other sections of this slate and also in Wash- ington. The establishments that are being built by this company are models in the way of factory construction, being big and airy and with sanitation as the dominating feature. The products are handled so as to minimize as much as possible exposure to air or human hands and the entire process and system for turning out the finished product is on a basis that is fast making American in- dustrial institutions the finest of their kind. The great importance of the dehydra- tion process has just been recognized by the government, which has made a large appropriation to be used in conduct- ing experimental work in this industry on the Pacific Coast. Part of this sum will be utilized in installing a large and fully equipped laboratory at the plant of the Kings Products Company at Salem, Oregon, and a laboratory will be located in California also. Both of these establishments will be used to carry on scientific investigations to pro- mote the development of the industry. Packing the 1919 Northwest Apple and Pear Crops Written for Better Fruit by an Experienced Fruit Handler NOTWITHSTANDING the strong demand for apples and pears this year, buyers are announcing that they will not accept fruit that is not correctly packed and strictly up to grade. Buyers are making this an- nouncement owing to the fact that last year a comparatively light crop, coupled with an unexpected demand, resulted in throwing on the market large quantities of inferior fruit, badly packed, which got by as the trade was so great that almost any kind of an apple or pear packed in almost any kind of way could be sold. This, it is pointed out, will not be allowed this year, and a rigid adherence to standard grade and pack will be insisted upon. Packing Rules Being Enforced. There are practically no changes in the grade and pack of Northwest aiiples this > ear. The Northwest standtu'd box, lO'i; X 11 'L- X 18 inches inside measure- ment, has now been adopted in all dis- tricts, and there is a probability that it will be made the national standard con- tainer for box apples by an enactment of (Congress. There has been a tendency during the |)ast year to force growers to be more careful in the matter of pack and grade and in some states laws have l)eeii passed to this elTect. (California now has a law which stipulates the rules for packing and grading fruit in that state and provides for fines for those who fail to comply with the pro- visions of the measure. The law re- quires that each box of fruit must be marked with a stamp provided by the state, stating that it has been graded and packed according to the ofiicial require- ments. It is expected that the other Pacific Northwest states will later adopt such a law. Labor Saving Devices. In packing out the 191!) crop of apples labor-saving devices will play a more im))ortant part than in former years. There are several reasons for this: shortage of expert labor in the fruit industry; the fact that a better grade and pack can be put up; that crops can be handled more ([uickly and economi- cally, and that growers made a sudi- cient profit last year to allow them to invest in up-to-date orchard and ptick- ing house equipment. New acreage com- ing into bearing in the Northwest is also naturally i)la>ing its part in stimu- lating the sale of this apparatus. The main reason, however, for the greater adoption of modern e(|uipment by the progressive orchardist is its efiiciency arid economy. The latest and best makes of picking ladders and utensils, wiping antl grading machines, packing tables, box presses anil conveyors have demon- strated so thoroughly to the grower that greater profits follow their use that few oi\hardists who have crops large enough to establish a packing house now attempt to market their crops without having most of these appli- ances. Undoubtedly the greatest boon that has come to the box apple grower in the last decade is the power grailer and sizer, which has reached its greatest degree of efiiciency in the Northwest. There are now several types of these graders being manufactured on the Pa- cific Coast, all of which do ellicient work. What the povv'er grader has done in helping the orchardist to ])ack his fruit better and more economically, the conve>()r is now doing in many sections to more cheaply handle it from packing table to car. Grading Most Important. Cirading for (|uality is the most im- portant feature of a|)ple packing, for while ])erfection has been almost at- tained by machines in sizing the fruit. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT September, 1919 no machine is human — it cannot see imperfections ami judge of color. It takes a quicl< and experienced eye and hand to detect imperfect fruit, or fiuit that should not go into the best grades on account of lack of color. Where po.ssihle, experienced hands should he selected to grade apples for ipiality and they should he fully instructed each year in any clianges in the provisions for disqualifying the fruit on ac<()unt of blemishes or color. Where it is not possible to employ experienced graders, they should be init to work under the supervision of an old hand for instruc- tion and to carefully watch their work. The pack is very important, too, hut it should be rememhcred that a competent packer can make a good appearing pack from fruit of any quality, provided it is I)roperly sized. The packers are ex- pected to keep their eyes open for fruit of inferior quality that gets past the grader and remove it, and while they do this to some extent, they are inclined to pack anything that comes to the table from the sizcr and graders. In years when apples are high in price some growers have a habit of winking at this practice and taking a chance on getting by. This idea, however, is a bad one from all points of view. It lessens the morale of the packing house crew, causes the grower's pack to be looked upon with suspicion and ultimately re- sults in a distinct loss in his profits. The apple sorter or grader, therefore, is the most important factor in a pack- ing house, for, if he does his work efficiently and conscientiously, he can force a careless packer or an unscrupu- lous grower to put up a good quality pack. Progress in Packing Apples. While the mechanical grading of ap- ples has simplified apple packing, it is still somewhat of a science, and every- body who tries cannot make a success of if. To be a good apple or pear packer requires a quick eye for gauging size, deft hands, a large amount of nervous energy and a goodly percentage of horse sense and common honesty. In the last few years fruit packing has be- come more or less of a fixed occupation for hundreds of expert packers, who travel along the Pacific Coast between California and the Northwest states packing out the various fruits during their seasons. As apple and orange packing are more nearly alike, large groups of these professional packers now come from California to the North- west each year during the apple pack- ing season and return to the citrus belt in time for the first orange crop. In addition to these professionals are the still larger groups of resident pack- ers who pack out the greater proportion of the Northwest apple crop and on whom the growers of the various dis- Experienced Orchardist and Nurseryman wants position as foreman or manager. MOUNT DOME RANCH Siskiyou Co. Mt. Dome, California tricts rely to a greater degree than on the migrations of the hobo packers. The yeaily influx of these professionals has, liowever, been iif consiii-tii poaclios in the Yakiniii v:il- loy l)eg}Ui on :i (general scale on Aut^ust 2.'), Some Kllxrtas had already Ijeen picked in tlie lower valley, but BatlielinR had not been [vhere the largest percentage of the crop is grown. Tew growers were willing to pay pickers l)y the box, as they claim it results in such careless banillitit! of 'fruit as to cause great loss. This year's crop is estimated at inoi-e than s worth keepmg m best condtt.on. Demand "CARO" -Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO"Tlie Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco WHEN WRITING \nVi:RTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT P<^gc 14 BETTER FRUIT Better Fruif s Standard Apple Packing Chart 10>jxll>2xl8 inches inside measurement September. iQip All packs to go in the Northwest Standard Box THE grading rules and regulations used in connection with these packs are those adopted by the State of Washington for the season of 1919 and are considered standard for the North- west. All packs arc for the standard apple box measuring lOVaxllVaxlS in- side measurement. Description of all packs not illustrated can be found under the caption "Apple Packs." The method for packing all of the packs not shown, with the exception of Diagonal 2 2 pack. 1 layers, 88 apples the 200 and 22,i packs, is the same as dej)icted in the illustrations. The 200 and 225 packs are straight packs, in which the apples are placed straight across the box, with the rows of apples resting on top of each, instead of being arranged to strike the depres- sions as in the diagonal pack. The straight pack is now used for only the smallest sizes of box apples that are packed. A good example of a straight pack can be seen in the bottom illustration on the opposite page. DiaRimal 2 2 pack, 4 layers, 9fi apples How to start a 2 2 diagonal pack 2 pack, How to start a 3/2 diagonal pack layers, 188 apples Figure 6 — 90 apples Figure 7 — ]0t apples Figure 8 — 112 apples Figure U — l.'iS apples Figure 10 — loO apples Scptciiibcr. igig BETTER FRUIT Page 15 H ma APPLE PACKS Figure 11—11)3 apples "igurc 12 — 173 apples Figure 13—188 apples Apple Grading Rules, Standard Pack,for 1919 Firs; Grnde, (iraile Xo. 1 or Extra /•'luuy Apples are deflued as sound, smooth, mature, clean, hand-picked, well-formed apples only, free from all insect pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises and other physical injuries, scald, scab, scale, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm stings, worm holes, spray burn, limb rub, visible water core, skin puncture or skin broken at stem, but sliRht russetting within the basin of the stem will be permitted. Second Grade, Grade Xo. 2 or Fancy Apples are defined as apples complying with the re- quirements for flrst grade apples, except that slight sun scald or other blemishes not more than skin deep shall be permitted up to a total of lO^fi of the surface of the apple. Third Grade, Grade Xo. 3 or C Grade Apples shall include all remaining apples free from infection, excepting that two stings to each apple shall be permitted, and if shippenil otliei- progressive inethotis ale said to lii' giving this section a fiuit per day; shakers, $1 to .$5, depending hours put in. Pickers will receive 8 cents per box for Italians and 10 cents for Petites, with a bonus of 2 cents per box. The Hood River Fruit Company has just completed a large two-story concrete ware- house situated near the railroad, which it will use in connection with its fruit business. Sales of Oregon apples dui-ing the month have been reported at ,$2.2.'i and $2.10 per box and even higher. The top prices in the state so far have been given in the Hood River dis- trict. These prices are for the three grades of extra fancy, fancy and choice. At the same time unofficial quotations were giving prices r>n barreled apples in the East at .$B.20 to .1i8..')0. The Marshfield Chamber of Commerce has volunteered to assist Coos county orehardists in harvesting and marketing their crops of apples this year and will supply boxes and proviiie help for picking and packing. Some very excellent apples are grown in this dis- trict which go on the market early. Fire blight is said to he making its appear- ance in Linn, Benton and Marion counties, and gr-owers are being warned to take quick action to conrbat it. Hood River growers have also iieen warned to keep a close watch for this dread tree disease, although no traces of it have been found there yet. Over 1,000 tons of cherries of fine quality were harvested in The Dalles district this year. The peach crop there is also reported to have been good both in yield and quality. WASHHTOTON. Eastern apple buyers are now said by the Yakima Valley Optimist to be showing a dis- position to slow up in their apple purchases. This attitude, it is reported, has been manifest since the meeting of the International Appli' Shippers at Milwaukie during the middle of August. Large eastern buyers, it is said, are of the opinion that the prices of western box apples are too high. The proposed raise of V2V: cents a box in the freight rate on western fruTt is also being given as a deterring factor IMPORTANT TO EXPORTERS OF FRUIT To secure Freight Space and Prompt, Efficient and Reliable Freight Forwarding Service, Write, Wire or Telephone Harry K. Barr THE BARR SHIPPING COMPANY 23-25 Beaver St., NEW YORK Telephones Broad. 3206-3207-3208 MEMBERS OF New York Produce Exchange New York Maritime Exchange S. S. Freight Brokers' Association BRANCH OFFICES 1042 Drexel Bldg., Philadelphia 260 California St., San Francisco AGENTS New Orleans, La. Portland, Me. Boston, Mass. Baltimore, Md. Montreal, Can. Apple Exports Our Specialty INFORMATION BUREAU On Statistics, Shipping, Etc., at the disposal of all exporters The Master Apple Picker SOMETHING NEW A Mechanical Apple Picker Old People, Stout People and Children can Pick Fruit Without Danger- No Ladders Needed ( Broken Limbs on Man and Trees Avoids -N Bruised Fruit from Shaking Trees / Torn Clothing Pr:ce $2.50. Parcel Post Paid. Pole Not Furnished Ttie MASTER COMPANY. Manufacturers.Box 63.Des Plaines. III. Distributors tor Oregon and Washington: PACIFIC COAST BROKERAGE COMPANY 517-519 Chamber of Commerce Building. Portland, Oregon The Use of the i Master Picker | Agents and Distributors Wanted WHEN WRIIING ADVERTISKRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1919 in large apple sales to eastern buyers at this time. The Sclah Fruit Growers, Inc.. now occupies a commodious new office, recently built ad- joining its packing plant. Lack of poUenization is reported by E. B. Kcllv. horticultural inspector with the Wash- ington Department of Agriculture, to be the cause of a big loss in the apple crop in the Inland Empire. Mr. Kelly says that orchard- ists in this district must pay more attention to the raising of bees, either with or without regard to the value of the honey they make. .\n evaporator that will handle 1.000 tons of fresh fruit is to be erected at Grandview. The plant, which will be built by F. M. Martin, will largely handle apples this year but will include peaches and pears in its operations in future seasons. A .?fi.000 frost-proof fruit warehouse was recently opened for business at Dalton. The new structure is built of concrete and will have a capacity of ."JOO tons of fruit. nevelopnient of eastern Washington op-liards and establishment throughout the section of large bv-products plants and glass container and box factories under the wing of a $12.5,- 000.000 national corporation is the program which has been outlined for the fruit industry in the Walla Walla district by the commercial club of that place. The Selah Spray Company has been merged with the Selah Fruit Growers, Inc. Both con- cerns will be conducted under one manage- ment. S. new cannery has been opened at Monte- sano with a sealing machine that has a ca- pacity of 20 gallons per minute. George Hal- fertvand J. C. Edney, of the Sea Beach Pack- ing Company of Aberdeen and Copalis, are managing the new plant, which will probably do business under the name of the Montesano Canning Company. Chelan county is elated over the fact that it may have a horticultural experiment stati^in uiuier the direction of the State Agricultural College at Pullman and the United States .\g- ricultural Department. The proposition has the recommendation of State Commissioner of Horticulture M. L. Dean and the authorities of the state college. Apple growers in the Husum and White Sal- mon districts have combined to fight lire blight, which is said to have made its appear- ance in the orchards at Lyle a few miles cast of that section. M. L. Dean, State Horticultural Commission- er of Washington, believes that the production in Wenatchee orchards can be increased 2.5 to 7.1 per cent bv proper fertilization. Successful experiments with 'nitrate of soda that have come under Mr. Dean's observation forces him to the opinion that where the soil is lacking in proper nourishment this treatment will ac- complish wonders. .\ report was telegraphed from Walla Walla during August that the bottom had fallen out of the prune market. The ruling price up to the 18th had been SlOO per ton. It was alleged that after the break the fruit was offered at SfiO and declined. Next day the report of the slump was emphatically denied and growers were urged to stand pat, and refused to be stampeded. The first carload of winter apples was shipped out of Wenatchee August 23d. It was destined for the Alaska trade and was made up of Winter Bananas, Delicious, .lonathans and Spit.?enbergs. BETTER FRUIT pickers will keep contented. Contented pick- ers are money makers for the fruit grower." State Fruit Inspector L. C. Vandcnburg re- cently made a tour of the state in order to properlv organize a thorough inspection dur- ing the" heavy fruit shipping season. It is reported that 3,000 satisfied Idaho resi- dents went East on the excursion of the Na- tional G. A. R. encampment. Many of these took boxes of apples with them to show East- erners the excellence of western fruit. H. Harland, L. E. Keeler and J. D. Baker have been appointed fruit inspectors for the district comprising Payette, Wood Spur and Crystal. All shipments of fruit in Idaho are to "be state inspected as to grade and pack. If a shipper desires a certificate of inspection a charge of .$5 per car will be made. The in- spections will be made chiefly at the various packing houses and will be under the direc- tion of the Idaho State Department of Agri- culture. As in other districts there is a strong de- mand in Idaho for cull apples to be shipped outside of the state. Arrangements for the Page 17 shipments will be permitted, provided the shipper procures a license to ship and the state they are to be shipped to will permit them to enter. The canning plant at Payette was a very busy place during the cherry and apricot sea- son. Fifteen tons of cherries and 30 tons of apricots were put up. Before the season is over the plant expects to handle 100 tons of peaches, 50 tons of pears and the output from 30 acres of sweet corn which was especially grown for the cannery this season. The yield of corn, it is reported, promises to be good. Idaho orchardists predict the largest crop on record in that state this year. Last year the apple crop in Idaho was a failure, but in 1917 a bumper crop was harvested and 500 carloads were shipped from the central sec- tion. This year the crops look better than ever and estimates give the state a total yield of 4,000 carloads. The Payette Independent in its farm bureau notes calls attention to the serious lack of cold storage in that valley. "The apple crop of the valley," it says, "is estimated at about 2 500 cars, valued at an average price of $1,800 ^ , cm iiiiciiii iiiiniiiiiiiiiiiini in:] iiiiiiciiiiiiiiiiiiiniiimiiiiiic] iiiiiiihiiiii iiniiiiii iuiiiiiiiiiiii»iniiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiM| 1 CITY COMFORTS | I for Every Farm Home! j i Electricity and running water now made possible for every farm at small cost | This Universal Lighting Plant IDAHO. The harvest of the Idaho prune crop started in full blast about Aug"-;t 23r(l. .mil growers pushed the work of getting the fruit on the market as rapidly as possible. Idaho prunes. most of which are shipped fresh, arc reporteil to have brought good prices. Owing to adverse weather conditions in the spring, the crop was light. The Fruitlami District Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation recently purchased a whole block in the town of FruitlalKl. The block adjoins the present packing house of the association and wlli bo used to enlarge its plant. The Payette Farm Bureau calls grower's' at- tention to' the benefits to be derived frorn pro- is a simple, practical, thoroughly efficient light and power plant in the most compact form possible. By pressing a button the gasoline engine is started, electricity is generated and the storage batteries are fully charged— then the engine stops automatically. Power can also be taken directly from the generator, so that with a number of lights burning sufficient power can be used to operate a milking ma- chine. wa,sher or any other machinery without drawing current from the storage batteries. It requires practically no attention. UNIVERSAL, Light Plants range in capacity from a 20-light plant to 1,000-light capacity. This Paul System of Water Supply is doing away with hard work on thousands = of town and farm homes throughout the a country. = The PAUL systems are made in various § tvpes and sizes for pumping water from cis- = terns, wells, springs, lakes or wherever your s source ot water supply may be. a The type illustrated is a deep-well pump E with a 'capacity of 150-200 gallons per hour = for pumping from deep-cased wells two inches g or larger in diameter and where the water = stands from 23 to 135 feet below the top. = PAUL Shallow-Well Pumps are the only | Self-Priming Pumps made. By this feature = the system will deliver water always, regard- s less of slight leakage in piping or foot valves. = There's a PAUL Water System for every | size farm. = I Write for Catalog and Illustrated Literature, Prices. Etc., to the | I Northwest Auto Company | I PORTLAND, OREGON | i Olslrlbutors (or Oregor, Washinglon and NorthBrn Maho. Reiiresenlall.es are wanted In open territory. We invite corresoondence. | iiiiiiiiiicjiH mini iiiiiHim luiiimiuiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiinimiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiiiicJiiimiiiiiiniimiiniNniii iiiici i ciiiim i? .HliN WKlllNl-. AinCKl ISl IIS .MKNTloX BETTKU FBCIT Page i8 per car, or a total of $4,r>00,00n. Sonip 1,.-)0II people will need to l)e imported to help local residents to harvest the crop. We estimate ^50,000 will he lost on over-ripe .Jonathans because or a lack of cold storages. And if.'iO,- 000 would help pay quite a numljcr of mort- gaites. Two large dirt .storage cellars that are Iieing l)uilt by 1,. E. Peter.son and Henry Heins as an experiment are expected to save nianv cars of Junathuns. MOKTAITA. Fire blight appealed in many orchards in .June and July. .\s a rule not over six or eight branches per tree were infected. Jona- than, Rome Beauty and Crabs were the varie- ties which showed tlie most injury. One new outbreak of coddling moth was found in the Bitter Root Valley. ,\1I orchards in the near vicinity have liecn carefully in- spected and plans are being made to prevent further spreading. All possible precautions will be taken to maintain the past reputation as the home of the "wormless" apple. On account of the favorable weather condi- tions, and the spraying program followed by the growers, scab is conspicuous liy its ab- sence. Only where wilful neglect is the sys- tem followed can traces of scab be found As will be remembered, there was practicallv no scab last year. Despite the late spring frosts there was a good crop of sour cherries which found a ready market at five cents per pound at the canneries. Many crate shipments netted the grower eight cents per pound. The few sweet cherries grown in the valley sold readily at ten and twelve cents per pound on the trees. The apple crop is much better than reported early in the season. While all varieties will be slightly smaller than usual, thev will be very well-colored. BETTER FRUIT .\t his own re(|iiest Janus M. Hamilton, who has for l.'i years successfully administered the affairs of the .Montana State .Vgricultural Col- lege as president, has been retired and is suc- ceeded by Alfred Atkinson, who has been con- necteear on account of unfavorable political, labor and economic conditions, and is likely to buy what she does use from the Scandinavian countries. The lat- ter, he is of the opinion, will not be in the market for a very heavy tonnage from this country. He reports the apple crop in England as about nor- mal and much larger than he expected, and says that the situation there in regard to American apples may be cleared up later. Horticultural Events of Interest The thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Oregon State Horticultural Society was held August 14 to 16 at Astoria and Seaside, and while the attendance was not large, a number of valuable papers were read and discussions took A READIER Market for Apples APPLES find a readier and quicker market, among present day dis- criminating dealer?, when they come neatly and safely packed in the Universal Bushel Shippin^Packa^es Furthermore the dealer need not repack fruits or produce packed in Universal Packages. This is an advantage and sav- ing to him. Grocers and shippers will realize more money on apple shipments this fall, by considering this dealer preference for LJniversal Bushel Shipping Packages. Besides they are easier to pack, easier to handle and ship and far more economical. A Sample Package will be sent anywhere upon receipt of 25c to cover cost of packinK and shipping. Ask for "Bigger Profits" Booklet. Package Sales Corporation ^ 106 East Jefferson Blvd. South Bend. Indiana . place that were of interest to horti- culture generally. Ben S. Worsley, the retiring president of the society, pre- sided at the business sessions of the meeting, and C. I). Minton acted as secretary. Among those who made ad- dresses were the retiring president, .1. O. Holt, manager of the Eugene Fruit Growers' Association; W. E. Schimpff, of Astoria, manager of the Pacific Cranberrv Association; J. H. Butter- field, of" Brown Meade, Ore.; H. G. Lechner, county agent of Clatsop coun- ty; Col. Henry E. Dosch, secretary of the Oregon State Board of Horticul- ture; Robert C. Paulus, manager of the Salem Fruit Union, and A. H. Harris, editor of Better Cooking, of Portland, Ore. The social features of the meet- ing included visits to the .\storia can- neries and other points of interest. The new officers elected are: J. O. Holt, president; R. C. Paulus, vice- president; C. D. Minton, secretary; .1. B. Pilkington and J. C. .\twell, trustees. The combined Multnomah County l-'air and Oregon Manufacturers and Land Products Show will be held at Gresham, Ore., September 1.5 to 20. An extensive premium list has been ar- ranged for exhibits of fruits and other land prf)ducts and it is expected that the event will be on larger and more successful scale than ever before at- tempted. The Oregon State Fair is scheduled this year for September 22 to 27, and everything now points to one of the best fairs that have ever been held by the State Fair Association. Particular attention is being given to securing a fine horticultural exhibit as well as to the other features in connection with the fair. The Washington State Fair will be held at Yakima, September 15 to 20, and as usual will be of interest to fruit growers and others interested in hor- ticulture throughout the state. For several years the horticultural exhibit during this event has been one of the finest on the coast. The Idaho State Fair will be held at Boise, September 22 to 27, with a finer exhibit of fruit this year than usual on account of the bumper apple crop in that stale. The Montana .State Fair was held during the week of Septem- ber 8 to 12 and contained a nuiid)er of splendid exhibits of fruit from the Bitter Root Valley. The Mid-West Horticultural Exposi- tion, which will be held this year at Des Moines, Iowa, November 10 to 15, was given an appropriation by the state of .$8,000 in addition to individu- al subscriptions, and conditions are said to be more favorable this year for a real liorticultural show in the Middle West than ever before. A large and at- liactive premium list has been arranged and all sections of the country are in- vited to make exhibits. it Opportunities Seek Those in Position to Grasp Them An account with a strong stable bank makes it possi- ble to take advantage of many a chance that other- wise would be passed up. Ladd & Tilt on Bank of- fers you the business ex- perience of sixty years, and valuable information and assistance on modern problems. » = Established 1882 flOBalRs ^gompany Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always ■welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well. We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Phones: Main 165 and A 1165 Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING AIU F.RT ISF-RS MF.NTIOX BETTER FRVrT WHT-N WHITING ADVERTISERS MliNTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT September, 1919 Never was such two-fisted smokejoy as you puff out of a jimmy pipe or home rolled cigarettes packed with Prince Albert! That's because P. A. has the quality! Your taste apparatus certainly cannot be fooled ! So, when you smoke Prince Albert and get a lot of delight you know you've got the big first prize on the end of your line ! Prince Albert's quality alone puts it in a class of its own, but when you figure that P. A. is made by our exclusive patented process that cuts out bite and parch — well — you realize why P. A. is so unlike other kinds. No matter what your past luck has been on pipe smokes or makin's cigarettes, you put your confidence in Prince Albert for it certainly makes good every time the clock ticks. Toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half-pound tin humi- dors — and — that classy, practical pound crystal glass humidor with sponge moistener top that keeps the tobacco in Luch perfect condition. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, N. C. iRINCEALBEFi WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUJT September, ipip Specific Results in PoUenating Continued from page 5. also be noted that tlie favorable show- ing for the trees receiving cross-polli- nation was made in spite of the fact that this orchard lost much of its fruit as a result of the ravages of pear blight. Recommendations. From a study of the experimental data secured and also as a result of the observation and experience of many orchardists of the state, the conclusion is inevitable that all Bartlett orchards should be provided with facilities for cross-pollination. The question at once arises as to what variety shall be selected as a pollinator. For foothill locations where the bulk of the crop is offered for "green" shipment this question is prob- ably not diflicult to answer. In these places the Anjou, Bosc, Cornice, Howell and Winter Nelis are all excellent pears, bringing prices ctiual to or better than the Bartlett for Eastern shipment. These varieties may not perhaps give an equal tonnage with the Bartlett, but all are fair producers. The Comice should be avoided in windy locations, due to the fact that its skin is quite delicate and mars most easily. In valley locations the question of jjroviding cross-pollination for the Bart- lett is more diflicult. The grower must concede that where the set can be in- creased 100 per cent or more by the planting of one pollinating tree to every eight Bartlctts the returns per acre will still be greatly increased, even though the fruit of the pollinating var- iety may have little or no commercial value. Although there has been no thorough attempt to test the adaptabil- ity of various varieties to different loca- tions, the writer feels that the informa- tion in hand indicates that either the Hardy or the Winter Xelis will prove, from all standpoints, to be the most eflicient pollinator for the Bartlett when grown under valley conditions. Where the dried fruit is a primary product and where the fruit of the pol- linator for the Bartletts must also be dried, special difliculties are presented. No experiments have as yet been con- ducted in this state to determine the (hying qualities of the various varieties. In order to avoid the use of artificial evaporators, the pollinator must ripen its fruit at about the same time or shortly after the Bartlett. Practically all dried pears in California are sun- dried. Keeping specially in mind the time of ripening, the Howell and Hardy varieties seem to be the best pollinators for the Bartlett where the entire crop is to be dried. Pollinating Agencies. After having planted inter-fertile var- ieties the orcliardisi should by all means provide an agency for the transfer of the ])olkn from the trees of one variety lo those of another. The common honey l)ee is by far the best carrier of pollen and it will pay the grower to keep bees, even Iho'igh he may not care to go into the honey business. Bees, however, are a very profitable side line for the BETTER FRUn orchardist, especially if alfalfa fields are available lo work on after the blooming season of fruit has passed. About one hive of bees to an acre of bearing orchard should be provided. Preferably the hives should be scattered as widely as possible throughout the orchard during the blooming season. Experiment and experience have shown that little reliance can be placed on the cfTicacy of wind and of insects other than the honey bee in effecting the transfer of pollen from tree to tree, or in fact from flower to flower. Page 21 Eliminating from consideration all conditions which may influence the fruitfulness of an orchard except those occurring at blooming time, it may be said that the set is largely influenced by weather conditions at time of blooming. Cold weather, aside from killing the blossoms or lowering the vitality of the pollen, often prevents bees from work- ing. The same is true if cloudy, wet and windy weather prevails. For their best work bees demand clear, warm and quiet days, and since the weather at the time of bloom is often quite unsettled, MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everytliing Known in Music US iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinirii IIMIItllltlllllllllll WHAT EVERY HOME CANNER SHOULD HAVE | ONE of our H.& A. Hand Power Double Seamers. i It is the only hand power seamer built that will seal all = sizes of sanitary fruit and vegetable cans. Write for prices = and descriptive matte^- to Department T. | HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO., Portland, Ore. | Builders of Seamers and Steam Pressure Canning Outfits IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII" •■■ lllllllllllllllllllllltt APPLES For European PEARS Distribution Gerald Da Costa Long Acre, Covent Garden, London Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Private SHIPPING AGENTS: Lunham & Moore, Produce Exchange, New York CORRECT LUBRICATION Zerolene gives a better film of oil between the working parts of your car. It conserves power and saves wear. Scientifically refined from se- lected California crude oil. Get a Correct Lubrication Chart for your car. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (Californi?'' VRITIXG ADVEBTISCKS MENTTOX B..TTr.R KtUir Page 22 it is readily sfcn tlial the blooming period of the various pollinating varie- ties should overlap perhaps a week, in order that there may be one or two days at least when the weather will be favor- able for insect pollination. Arrangement of the Orchard from a Pollination Standpoint. In ijlanting an orchard it is desirable to have at least every sixth and prefer- ably every fourth row of a pollinating variety. For convenience in the man- agement of the orchard, it is best to plant two rows of one kind, then two rows of the i)()llinating variety, and so on; or, if it is desired to have more of one Variety than another, four rows of the favorite variety, then two rows of BETTER FRUIT the pollinator, and repeat. For one reason or another, it is often desirable to reduce the number of pollinating trees to the minimum. Under these cir- cumstances, one tree in twenty-five is perhaps sullicient. although at least one tree in eight is strongly reconmiended. It is seldom wise to graft over a part of a tree to the pollinating variety, as this tends towards confusion and added ex- pense in harvesting. In planting one tree of the pollinator to seven or eight of the main variety, the pollinator should be placed as every third tree in every third row in such a way that the spaces in the pollination rows are broken thus, the "o" in each case representing a pollinator tree. Scptc'iiibcr, igio If by chance a self-sterile variety has been planted in a solid block, the neces- sary pollinator may be introduced by grafting. Some relief may be obtained during the years while waiting for the trees grafted over to pollinating varie- ties to come into bearing by cutting off large limbs of pollinating varieties, placing the cut ends in buckets of water and distributing the same throughout the orchard during the blooming period. Such limbs will live for several days and continue to bloom, forming pollen for the bees to transfer to the self- sterile variety. Call on it when friends call on you The next time friends call on you — call on Ghirardelli's! You'll find it equal to any occa- sion. And you'll be apt to say — as many another wise hostess has said: "It's wonderful — isn't it? — how a cup of Ghirardelli's puts people at ease — helps to make them feel 'comty' and sociable." Ghirardelli's — the original Ground Chocolate — is not sold in bulk but in cans only. In yi lb., I lb. and 3 lb. cans — wherever you do your trad- ing. Look for the Ghirardelli label! Say '■'■Gear-ar-deUy^ Since 1852 D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco Ghirardelli 's Ground Chocx)late imiiiiiiniiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiii^ SUPERINTENDENT Horticulturist desires position. Orchard ex- perience in Washington, Oregon and Southern California— deversified farming, dry land farm- ing, irrigation, engines and pumping plants- married. Good salary required. Would enter- tain a good practical renting proposition. Write "T," care of Better Fruit Wanted — Married Man to take charge of forty-acre Apple Orchard in Washington. Must be experienced and furnish first-class references. Free rent of six-room house on property and good pay to right party. Address "A.G." care of Better Fruit auimiiiiua HDNOR-BILT DOOR HANGERS Known eveiTwhere as the standard in quality Exclusive patented Adjustable andStayon features mean better wear, service, and satisfaction. Twelve styles — a type for every need. Giveweather proof doors that always push or pull easily. Your dealer who hand- les the famous Myers line of Pumps and Hay Tools also has Myers Door Hangers. See him today Let him ^ point out the striking " Myerslmprovementsor write us for catalog. F. E. MYERS & BRO. ^S l3 sFoortb St., AiUuul, 0. Northwest Distributors Portland, Ore. I'lIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September. ipi() BETTER FRUIT Page 23 Factors that Influence Diseases Continut'd from page 1. and splinters in the boxes are often overlooked. If, with all care in handling, some apples with incipient rot infection do get into the packed box, there still remains one recourse to reduce danger of rot injury, and that is immediate cold storage. The eft'ect of cold temperatures in slowing up the activities and life processes of plants is well known. It retards the ripening of the fruit and at the same time curtails the activity of the rot fungi. Investigations have shown that at 32 degrees F. most of these fungi are able to make some growth, and that if they have become established they will persist and resume vigorous growth as soon as the fruit is removed to a warmer temperature. However, since their most vigorous growth is made at temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees, the importance of immediately cooling of the fruit is apparent. Non-Parasitic Diseases. In the second general class of storage diseases, that is, those due to non-para- sitic causes, we recognize two distinct types: (1) Those which are influenced by cultural conditions; and (2) Those which are influenced by storage condi- tions. Here we get into the realm of plant physiology and deal with the life and growth processes of plants. In connection with those diseases in- fluenced by cultural conditions we may perhaps give chief consideration to nu- trition. Plants live and grow through processes somewhat different from those prevalent in the animal kingdom, but like all animals they are profoundly affected by their food supply, and many derangements can be traced to condi- tions of nourishment among plants the same as in the human family. One of such conditions that comes to mind is the overgrown apple, the apple that has been forced to abnormal size by heavy irrigation, heavy fertilization, heavy pruning, heavy thinning, or by growth on young trees. Such apples are not healthy, they are incapable of "holding up" in storage, they quickly reach the end of their life processes and die of "premature old age," or physiological breakdown, as we call it. The flesh becomes dry and mealy, turns brown, and the skin may crack as though burst by internal pressure. Such abnormally large apples are undesirable from any standpoint. They never possess the flavor of normal fruits, they are fre- quently undercolored, and, as has been pointed out, they do not keep. Avoid excesssive stimulation, especially in the case of young trees just coming into bearing. The other extreme in cultural prac- tice, general neglect and poor cultural conditions, results in many bad effects. One especially concerns us in a consid- eration of storage troubles. It has been demonstrated that Yellow Newtowns are subject to an internal browning of the flesh when grown under negligent cultural conditions, whereas this variety grown by good methods will go through the storage season free from this trouble. The relation of irrigation to bitter pit, or Baldwin spot, another serious storage disease, has been established. This disease is greatly increased by heavy irrigation continued until picking time. It may be almost eliminated by light irrigation which checks the growth during the last month before picking. While bitter pit is generally worse on large apples than on small ones, heavy ^"ih ^^s^lf [■^^S^iiff^ii^^slc J MakeaTractorofYourCar Use it for farm work. Pullford catalog sliows how to make a practical tractor out of Ford and other cars. Write for Catalog Pullford Co., Box 346C Quincy, III. SAVE YOUR APPLES With II Mouarch Hydraulic Cider Prtisa you can turn yuur culls into good stlliog cider. You c.tn alsodocustom prt'ss' Tor your neighbors. Our improved high pressure construction eels all thejuice from the appli's vhix min- imum power. All sizes of Presses, from 15to400burr'.lB a day. A small investnit-nt will startyou in a prorit:ibie ^ business. Ask for frre, (iO-paci> Press Gataloeue di'scrihint; our Il'l'i WESTERN FARQUHAR MACHINERY CO. 308 E. Salmon St., Portland, Ore. THE VERY UTEST IMPROVEMENT IN FRUIT GRADERS IS THE "New Four" Grade IDEAL Fruit Grader It is built for the largest growers and packing houses who require a large output each day. The sizing is by diameter or cheek measurement, the most perfect way fruit should be sized. We build the Ideal Fruit Grader in four sizes to suit any grower's need, and it will do perfect work on Apples, Pears, Peaches, Oranges or any other fruit having similar shape. We have designed our machine so there is absolutely no bruising of the fruit in any manner. The machine is very simple in construction, with nothing to get out of order or out of adjustment. Does not make the least noise, as there are no metal parts coming in contact with each other to cause a lot of wear and trouble. The grading is done by elastic bands revolving crosswise of the belt that carries the fruit along the machine until it arrives at the proper bin where it comes in contact with this elastic which rolls it off gently into its proper bin without injury. This season's crop is such that we have had to double our output to handle our orders, as we are replacing other machines of other makes that have cost much more than what we are asking for ours. Our prices are very moderate, as we have no agents or brokers to pay a large profit for selling, so by selling direct to the users we can sell very close. It will pay you big to write us to get more information and prices before you buy, for our machine will prove very sa isfactory, as it has to many others for the past few years. We have one of the most complete shops with the best of machinery to build every part over a pattern to get them exact. Write us for prices stating your needs then we will gladly quote you prices on any size machine you need. We also carry in stock the Bryant Clamp Warehouse Truck that will save you the price many times over each season in labor. WRITE US IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO., Hood River, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVKRTISEKS MENTION UKTTKK FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For Further Particulars Write or Wire Us at Boston or 97 Warren Street, New York City September, ipip i I ligation, especially heavy late irriga- tion, will increase (he disease (in small apples the same as on large ones. That is, the disease is not ijrimaiily due to size and overgrowlli, but to some conditions wliicli produce overgrowth, whether heavy irrigation, heavy nitro- genous fertilization, or some other condition. This disease may begin to appear be- fore picking time, but the great propor- tion of apples are alfecteil after they are picked and packed. However, it is safe to say that most of the apples which will develop the disease do so within a month or six weeks after pick- ing. Therefore, if loss from this disease is to be avoided after storage, it is nec- essary to modify the culture of suscep- tible varieties. Under irrigation this is possible and feasible by reducing the soil moisture late in the growing season. But to do this one must know the nature of his soil — how well it retains mois- ture or how rapidly it dries out, so that he can regulate his irrigation accord- ingly. The question may well be asked as to what effect this will have both on the size of the individual apples and of the total crop produced, since both factors are concerned in the net returns. The results of some of our experiments at Wenatchee in 1918 may be cited in answer. RESULTS OF IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS ON TWO PI-OTS OF FOUR TREES EACH, WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON. Heavy Light Irrigation Irrigation T.il;il apples 1094 1426 I'er cent VJ.'is and larger: Of total apples 82% 45% Bitter pit 54% 2% Per rent smaller than 125s: Of total apples 18% 55% Hitter pit 19% 0.6% Total % bitter pit for plot. . . 48% 1% These results are approximately the same as have been obtained in similar work for several yeais past, and they have been so consistent that there is no escape from the conclusion that heavy irrigation causes a large amount of bitter pit to appear in storage, whereas light irrigation, especially late in the season, results in a minimum amount of the disease. It is for the grower to decide whether he ])refers the 82% large sized apples produced by heavy irrigation, together with .'i-1% of the same apples rendered unmarketable on ACME BOX STRAPPING Insures Safe Deliveries — Prevents Pilferage ^ 9 Acme Nailezy Embossed Strapping Acme Naitleas Strapping, with Seal Applied Write for the Acme Catalogue of Complete Shipping Room Supplies ACME STEEL GOODS CO., Chicago, 2840 Archer Avenue, Manufacturers SAN FRANCISCO, 209 California Street SEATTLE, Foot of Main Street PORTLAND, 8 Front Street ATLANTA, lO Tift Street WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1919 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 account of bitter pit, or the 45% large apples secured by light irrigation with 2% loss on account of bitter pit, — or, considering the whole crop, whether he prefers the 487o loss occasioned by heavy irrigation or the 1% of disease occurring with light irrigation. In considering the remaining type of physiological storage diseases, that is, those diseases influenced by storage conditions, we are dealing entirely with the artificial conditions by which we attempt to prolong the life of the fruit and hold it in good condition for later consumption. We store the apples either in a pit or a cellar, in an air-cooled storage house or in a commercial cold storage plant. The general plan upon which we work is, first of all, to hold the fruit as cool as possible in order to retard the ripening process. An apple is a living, breathing organism, and so long as it remains alive it is fit to eat. But when it reaches the end of its life it dies in a process we call physiological breakdown, a process previously men- tioned in connection with the troubles of abnormally large apples. But aside from keeping the apples cool and at the same time keeping them from freezing, there are some other factors concerned in the successful storage of apples, fac- tors which have been but imperfectly understood and consequently not given proper attention. Hence we find a number of storage diseases which can be traced to these conditions. From the nature of the case we naturally expect that the inlluence of storage conditions must affect the inter- nal physiology of the apple. Consider the disease we call "soft scald" or "deep scald," which is especially common on Jonathans, Romes and other red varie- ties. It first exhibits itself in a fading of the skin color, the coloring matter of the skin apparently passes into solution and spreads into the adjacent tissue. When the apples are freely exposed to warm air the spots soon turn dark brown, and the flesh beneath softens and turns dark brown in color as the spots become sunken and definitely out- lined. The skin usually remains smooth and tightly drawn. It appears not un- like an apple that has been in contact with a hot iron, and the trouble is sometimes exhibited in such a manner as to suggest that the apple was rolled over a hot stove. Large apples seem especially susceptible to soft scald. It has been demonstrated that this trouble is increased by an increase of carbon dioxide in the storage air (brought about by the "breathing" process of the apples), and by higher temperatures, and that a film of moisture over the apples (also produced in the "breath- ing") likewise favors the production of this disease. Mechanical injuries and bruises serve as centers from which the disease starts, and it is most common where apples touch each other or the container. Cold temperatures and good ventilation to carry away the respira- tion products are to be sought for in preventing this disease. Brooks and Cooley have demonstrated that Jonathan spot is a form of the ordinary apple scald, or "barrel scald," as it is called in the East. Jonathan spot is a superficial skin disease appear- ing in the form of brownish or black Berry Plants Wanted Loganberry, Burbank Phenomenal, New Oregon Strawberry and Cuthbert Rasp- berry. Must be True-to-Name Plants. Write "M. J. M." care Better Fruit, Portland, Oregon NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREOON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Ganuiiiaiias* and Quality" 20 POT BULBS, 20c. 6 New Parity Freesias. 1 Babiana.l Bioomerla,4StarBethlebein, 1 Double Rosebud, 3 Buttercup, and 4 Grand Duchess Oxalis, and pkt. of New Winter lilooming: Spercer Sweet Peas and Cornatiofis twill all blotm this wJDter>— Catalog and growing inatructione, ALL MAILED FOR 20 CENTS BiK catalog, free, of Hyacinths. Tulips Narcissus. Peories. LilHes. Irises. Phloxes. Hardy Plants, Shrubs. Vint a. hemes in t variety. Also splendid window plants .inter. Seeds, etc, JcLn Lewis Childs, Inc., Floral Park, N. T. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Fruit Growers, and isn't this true? One bump equals one bruise; one bruise equals the difference between Extra Fancy and Fancy Apples. That difference in grade equals the difference in price from 25c to 50c a box. i:liminate that first bump by hauling your apples in a two-ton pneumatic tired GMC TRUCK Investigate CMC's at your local GMC dealer. Eldridge SEATTLE lOTow ctwa Company SPOKANE, WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FKUIT BETTER FRUIT Wagon History Is Being Made These Days ARE you in any degree familiar with the two greatest of Weber and Columbus wagon features — ^the International fifth-zvhccl and the International swivel-reach coupling? If you are a wagon user and do not know these improvements, 3^ou have a bit of interesting wagon education coming. Vou will find the International fifth-wheel is a strong and solid support between bolster and sandboard. It is already famous for reinforcing and saving wear and tear on the en- tire front gear, preventing breaking and bending of king bolt and circle iron. You will find the International swivel-reach coupling re- lieves the reach, hounds, and wheels of all twisting strains under roughest road conditions. Compare it with the racking conduct of the flat hound plates of the old-style wagon. These are both exclusive International features, each worth twenty dollars to you in wagon-long-life. Naturally, Weber and Columbus wagons are now made in the modern 56-inch auto-track width, standardized, improved in many small details, and thoroughly in keeping with Inter- national quality standards. When you know the latest Weber and Columbus, 3'ou will see that its price is too low in com- parison with the price of others. See the International dealer or write us for information. The Full Lin« of InternatioDal Harvester Quality Machines Grain Harvesting Machines Binders I'usli Binders Headers Rice Binders Harvester-Threshers Reapers Shockers Threshers Tillage Implements Tractor Plows Riding Plows Walking Plows Disk Harrows Tractor Harrows Smoothing Harrows Orchard Harrows Culti Packers Cultivators, one-horse Power Machines Kerosene F.neines Gasoline Engines Kerosene Tractors Motor Trucks Haying Machines Mowers Tedders Side Dehvery Rakes Loaders (AH Types) Rakes Bunchers Combination Side Rakes and Tedders Sweep Rakes Stackers Combination Sweep Rakes and Stackers Baling Presses Beet Tools Seeders Cultivators Pullers Planting and Seeding Machines Cotton Planters Grain Drills Broadcast Seeders Alfalfa & Grass Drills Fertilizer & Lime Towers Corn Machines Planters Listers Cultivators Drills Lister Cultivators Motor Cultivators Binders Pickers Ensilage Cutters Shellers Huskers & Shredders Other Farm Equipment Cream Separators Feed Grinders Manure Spreaders Straw Spreader Att. Wagons & Trucks Stalk Cutters Cane Mills Stone Burr Mills Knife Grinders Binder Twine International Harvester Company OF America i~c September, ipip flecks or "freckles" on Jonathans, Spitz- cnburgs and other varieties. It is most important as a storage disease, although it is sometimes found on ripe fruit before picking. Apple scald has been a puzzling dis- ease. Apples go into storage in prime condition, with sound skin and appar- ently with every reason to suppose that they will hold in the same condition, and yet it frequently happens that after a period of storage, or shortly after re- moval to a warm temperature, scald is very prevalent. The disease exhibits itself as a superficial browning of the skin which does not usualy affect the flesh or the eating quality of the apple, but it does spoil the appearance and consequently the marketability of the fruit. It may also be important as the forerunner of early physiological break- down or of fungous rots which gain easy access through the affected skin. Altcrnaria, one of the fungi which cause rotting, is very likely to invade scalded apples. We now have some investigations partially completed which throw new light on the nature of this disease, but since they are of a very technical char- acter the practical application only need be presented here. We have verified the generally recognized fact that ma- turity of the fruit at the time of picking is one of the most important factors in the prevention of apple scald, and yet this seems to be less dependable with Eastern fruit than with that produced in the Northwest, possibly because Northwestern apples ripen more evenly. Working with apples alike in all re- spects except maturity, we obtained from 20% to 100% more scald on the green, immature fruit than on the well colored and mature specimens. The question, "What is the proper matur- ity?" naturally arises. The best answer we can give is that proper maturity is reached when the green ground color begins to lighten. After this it changes to white or yellow and the apple is well along the road to full ripeness. It is important to pick before the light ground color is well developed, in order to provide as long a storage life as pos- sible. The red or blush color cannot be depended upon as an indication of ripe- ness, and neither can the color of the seeds, since both are affected by other conditions. We find it is frequently the case that apples in air-cooled or ventilated cellar storage do not scald, while those held FRUIT GROWERS SAVE THIS BIG LOSS BY USING Can't Afford the Loss of Bruised Fruit Picked in Ordinary Bags or Buckets when they can Palmer Picking Bucliets Which are LABOR and FRUIT SAVERS and Useful for Many Purposes. **"•=** ! fn"DoLn"LotV 'lilS [ ^Pecial Prices on Large Orders Send your order with remittance to HOOD RIVER FRUIT COMPANY "IgiaBucket Filled HOOD RIVER, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Bucket EmptiedJt^- September, ipip BETTER FRUIT Page 2/ in commercial cold storage are serious- ly afTected, this despite the fact that it has been demonstrated that suscepti- bility to scald increases with a rise in temperature, and theoretically, there- fore, that apples held in cold storage should be less susceptible to scald than those held in the warmer air-cooled storage. The unquestioned benefits of the colder temperature secured in com- mercial cold storage are largely nulli- fied in many instances by the greater tendency of apples to scald. What is the reason? Some of our experiments give illuminating evidence on this ques- tion. We held Grimes, a very suscepti- ble variety, under the following condi- tions: (1) Constantly in cold storage (direct expansion room) for seventeen weeks; (2) constantly in ventilated cel- lar storage during the same period; and (3) a lot which was brought out of the cold storage room at the end of five weeks and held for a few hours in the open air, then returned to cold storage and brought out again after ten weeks and held forty-eight hours before re- turning to cold storage for the balance of the seventeen weeks' period; that is, we simply ventilated this last lot on two occasions in the open air and re- turned it to conditions identical with those under which the first lot was held. At the end of the seventeen weeks all of the fruit was taken to a warm room to permit the maximum of scald development. After being sub- jected to the higher temperatures we found that the first lot developed an average of 65% scald, the second lot from 5% to 10%, and the third lot an average of 15%, which indicates clearly the influence of ventilation in the pre- vention of scald. We found that with the exception of a few tests on imma- ture fruit, scald was prevented on all varieties and at all temperatures at which it occurs by stirring the storage air. A continuous air movement over the fruit of one-eighth to one-quarter mile per hour has been sufficient to hold the disease in check, but a more violent stirring of the air once or twice a week has given as good results as a contin- uous gentle air movement. From these facts it is natural to infer that apples will scald more seriously in unventi- lated rooms than where the air is fre- quently or even occasionally changed. It might be supposed that the direct expansion system of cooling in com- mercial cold storage plants would be less satisfactory from this standpoint than the bunker system. Theoretically this should be true, but in practice we find that there is frequently very little difference, since the so-called "air cir- culation" produced by the bunker sys- tem changes the air so slowly, if at all, that the air is not changed around the apples. The rooms are usually tightly packed with boxes, leaving no space to provide for air circulation. In a large, compact pile of boxed fruit there is little chance for the apples in the in- terior to secure any ventilation at all. We find that best results obtain from so stacking the boxes that air circulation between stacks is provided for, and that great benefits are obtained if the rooms THI5LICHT.5TEEL CUFF BRACKET .DOES IT I Pay When Pleased — you don't send me a cent until you see what you're buying! And I pay the freight! Just send me your order NOW for two or more of the c ecurity Ladder I will ship on approval, freight prepaid; you ex- amine ladders, then send me the money — if you don't like the ladders and their price fire them back and I'll pay the return freight! But you will like the SECURITY. I have sent out hundreds on approval — not one ever came back! When orchardists see that light, steel cuff- bracket that grips stile at each step-end, the device that kills all wobble and takes a big slice out of picking costs, they realize that the SECU- RITY is the ladder they want — the ladder they must have if they are going to make their orchards pay big. Jill the following dealers handle the SECURITY: Hamilton, Montana Valley Mercantile Co. Roseburg, Oregon Churchill Hardware Co. Salem, Oregon Ray L. Farmer Hardware Co. The Dalles, Oregon Walther-Williams Hardware Co. Wena tehee, Washington Wenatchee Produce Co. Yakima, Washington A. F. Fosseen & Co. "-or write me direct for prices, booklet or shipment of two or more ladders on approval, prepaid. Write TODAY. J. B.PATTERSON, Mfr. 80 Franklin Street OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA Gasoline of QuaSty WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 28 WE DEVELOP KODAK I ILIfflO I IlLL prints are ordered Mail us films with Six Cents Stamps for each desired print. We return excess. NO CHARGE for unprintable films. Woodard, Clarke & Co. Photo Supplies Wood-Lark BIdg. Portland, Oregon Ask for Catalogue and Special Offer. BETTER FRUIT are so constructed that they may be ex- posed to a sweep of outside air when the outdoor temperature will permit. The rate of scald development is greatly influenced by temperature. Be- tween 60 and 32 degrees, each drop of 10 degrees results in a delay of from three to six weeks in the time of the appearance of the disease. The opti- mum temperature for its occurrence is 60 degrees or slightly above. Temper- atures of 75 and 85 degrees have pre- vented the development of the disease, but of course cannot be used as storage Ridley^Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: IBOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy "Here's a Friendly Tip says the Good Jiidge Men who know tobacco, chew the best without its costing them any more. They take a little chew and it's amazing how the good taste stays in a rich, high grade chewing tobacco. For lasting tobacco satis- faction, there's nothing like a small chew of that rich-tasting tobacco. THE REAL TOBACCO CHEW put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco Weyman-Bruton Company, .1107 Broadway, New York City September, 1919 temperatures. High humidities tend to increase scald, but the disease does not occur in saturated air that is kept stirred and does occur in dry stagnant air. The disease is not due to accumu- lation of carbon dioxide, this gas tend- ing to decrease rather than increase the trouble. Without going into any involved technical discussion of the manner in which scald develops, it may be said that the disease results from the action of accumulated respiration products, which in the absence of good ventila- tion are held in close contact with the skin of the apple, preventing normal respiration of the fruit and probably exercising as well a direct toxic effect on the skin. This action is a slowly cumulative one, which explains why apples do not scald until after they have undergone a period of storage and prolonged exposure to the gradually accumulating respiration gases. To provide a long storage life for our ap- ples we must unquestionably hold them at as low a temperature as possible, but to secure their ultimate freedom from scald and their ultimate marketable condition we must at the same time provide good ventilation for the storage rooms. We may summarize scald pre- vention measures, then, as follows: (1) Pick M'hen Mature: Pick when the ground color begins to lighten. Make more than one picking when practicable. (2) Keep Cool: In the Orchard — Keep the picked apples as cool as possible. Low temperatures are desir- able, but all cooling is valuable. Keep the apples in the shade. In Storage — Get apples to cold storage or air- cooled storage as soon as possible after pick- ing. Use open crates — they cool more quickly than tight ones. In Transit — Precool the fruit and ship in iced refrigerator cars if the weather is warm. (31 Venlilale: In the Orchard — In case of delay keep the fruit in ope